Conflict and Identity in the 13 Colonies Conflict and Identity in the 13 Colonies Created by: Lopez, kloster, Pojer

Native Americans

Pequot Wars Pequots were largest tribe in New England Great Migration caused population increase in region and Puritans decided Indians had to go Allied themselves with Pequot enemies Used Bible as justification By 1637, nearly Pequots killed or sold into slavery

A Pequot Village Destroyed, 1637

Population of the New England Colonies

Purpose Unite against a common enemy. Significance Colonies starting to unite Involved Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut but not Rhode Island or Maine (only Puritans) Indian Wars Confederation dissolves once wars end. Purpose Unite against a common enemy. Significance Colonies starting to unite Involved Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut but not Rhode Island or Maine (only Puritans) Indian Wars Confederation dissolves once wars end. Not Rhode Island

Massasoit was chief of the Wampanoag tribe- had always been peaceful with colonists He died in 1661 and his son, Metacom (King Phillip) becomes chief; was fearful of colonists taking away Indian lands formed Indian alliance – attacked throughout New England, especially frontier

English towns were attacked 52 of 90 English towns and burned 13 of them to the ground; over 1,000 colonists killed Used strategies employed by Puritans in Pequot war 1676: War ended, Metacom executed, lasting defeat for Indians

Labor Systems: The Rise of the British-American System of Slavery

Bacon’s Rebellion ( ) Nathaniel Bacon represents former indentured servants. Governor William Berkeley of Jamestown

Involved former indentured servants Not accepted in Jamestown Disenfranchised and unable to receive their land Gov. Berkeley would not defend settlements from Indian attacks

Nathaniel Bacon acts as the representative for rebels Gov. Berkeley refused to meet their conditions and erupts into a civil war. Bacon dies, Gov. Berkeley puts down rebellion and several rebels are hung Consequence of Bacon’s Rebellion Consequence of Bacon’s Rebellion Plantation owners gradually replaced indentured servants with African slaves because it was seen as a better investment in the long term than indentured servitude.

Slavery in The Colonies One of the main problems in the colonies was LABOR SHORTAGE Head right System Indentured Servants Slave Trade

Slavery in the Colonies

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Religious Peril and Transformations

 The Salem Witch Trials took from March to September 1693, was one of the most notorious episodes in early American history.  Based on the accusations of two young girls, Elizabeth Parris and Abigail Williams.  Under British law and Puritan society those who were accused of consorting with the devil were considered felons, having committed a crime against their government. The punishment was hanging.

 19 hanged, 1 pressed, 55 confessed as witches and 150 awaited trial.  Shows the strictness of Puritan society  Of the 50 who actually confessed, none were hanged.  Eventually ended by the Governor when his wife was accused Causes  disapproval of Reverend Parris  land disputes between families,  Indian taught witchcraft to girls.  Girls caught dancing, began to throw fits and accuse people of bewitching (To put under one's power by magic or cast a spell over) them to not get in trouble.

The Great Awakening Arminianism: Directly challenged Calvinism’s predestination doctrine and was supported increasingly by liberal ministers –Stated man is not helpless in achieving salvation; his will can be an effective force in his being saved

The Great Awakening 1 st mass social movement in American Colonies Primarily in the Southern and middle colonies Religion in America had become more liberal over the decades Great Awakening was a movement back towards a more conservative style of religion

The Great Awakening Jonathan Edwards Credited with starting the great awakening in 1734 Very influential theologian and writer Blasted the idea of salvation through free will (arminianism); instead he emphasized dependence on God's grace

The Great Awakening George Whitefield Englishman who traveled extensively throughout the colonies Gave rousing speeches using the Bible and drew large crowds Created Methodism in GA and SC Most influential figure in Great Awakening

The Great Awakening 1 st mass social movement in American Colonies Primarily in the Southern and middle colonies Religion in America had become more liberal over the decades Great Awakening was a movement back towards a more conservative style of religion

Zenger decision was a landmark case which paved the way for the eventual freedom of the press. Zenger Case, : New York newspaper exposed corrupt local governor

John Peter Zenger, a New York publisher charged with libel against the colonial governorJohn Peter Zenger, a New York publisher charged with libel against the colonial governor Zenger’s lawyer argues that what he wrote was true, so it can’t be libel (defamation of character)Zenger’s lawyer argues that what he wrote was true, so it can’t be libel (defamation of character) English law says it doesn’t matter if it’s true or notEnglish law says it doesn’t matter if it’s true or not Jury acquits Zenger anywayJury acquits Zenger anyway Not total freedom of the press, but newspapers now took greater risks in criticism of political figures.Not total freedom of the press, but newspapers now took greater risks in criticism of political figures. John Peter Zenger, a New York publisher charged with libel against the colonial governorJohn Peter Zenger, a New York publisher charged with libel against the colonial governor Zenger’s lawyer argues that what he wrote was true, so it can’t be libel (defamation of character)Zenger’s lawyer argues that what he wrote was true, so it can’t be libel (defamation of character) English law says it doesn’t matter if it’s true or notEnglish law says it doesn’t matter if it’s true or not Jury acquits Zenger anywayJury acquits Zenger anyway Not total freedom of the press, but newspapers now took greater risks in criticism of political figures.Not total freedom of the press, but newspapers now took greater risks in criticism of political figures.

Economic Transformations Economic Transformations

Mercantilism: Economic policy where wealth is power and the key to wealth is to export products more than import WHY? Colonies’ role: provide raw materials (so mother country does not have to import from other nations) and consume finished European products Favorable balance of trade for England

Most famous of laws to enforce mercantilism were the Navigation Laws (1650) –Restricted trade to English vessels (no Dutch) Additional laws: Goods bound for colonies had to go to England first for duties Colonists also not allowed to manufacture certain products to not compete with British (textiles, weapons, etc.)

Was it reasonable for England to pass laws such as these to control Colonial trade? It was difficult for Great Britain to enforce these laws? Colonists broke the law and smuggled and traded with other countries. The Navigation Acts 1650 No country could trade with the colonies unless the goods were shipped in either colonial or English ships. All vessels had to be operated by crews that were at least three- quarters English or colonial The colonies could export certain products only to England Almost all goods traded between the colonies and Europe first had to pass through an English port.

Colonists broke the law and smuggled and traded with other countries. The Navigation Acts 1650 Where the Acts Effective?

Advantages of mercantilism VA/MD tobacco farmers guaranteed monopoly on English market. Until 1763, Navigation Laws were not a burden because laxly enforced (salutary neglect) Merchants disregarded or evaded restrictions, some got rich by smuggling (e.g. John Hancock)

Disadvantages of mercantilism Mercantilism hurt the economy due to lack of freedom South was favored due to Tobacco, sugar and rice Parliament set up a Board of Trade and took away the right of trial by jury. Colonists were considered guilty until proven innocent. Most important, mercantilism was insulting: colonies felt they were being milked like cows.

Trade Enumerated Commodities Lumber Tobacco Rice Indigo Furs Sugar To England

Manufactured Goods Furniture Clothing Colonials had not factories. From England to Colonies

Although New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled largely by people of English origin, by 1700 the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. Why did this difference in development occur? Use your knowledge of the colonial period up to 1700 to develop your answer. Due Friday September 4 th, 2015