Constitutionalism  - Gov. is limited by laws; rulers must obey such laws  England Glorious Revolution (1688) Created a constitutional monarchy  American Revolution Independence (1776) + Constitution (1789)  Ideas of Equality, Liberty, and Democracy

The Ingredients  Financial Crisis  Unfit King (and Queen)  Estates General  National Assembly

Financial Crisis  King Louis XVI takes throne (1774)  Seven Years War and American Revolution  Famine  rise in bread prices  widespread hunger and malnutrition among poor  Regressive taxes- tax burden is placed heavily on the poor

An Unsuitable Monarch

 Austrian Archduchess  15 yrs old when married to Louis XVI  Excessive, extravagant lifestyle “Madame Deficit”  Low popularity  Often interfered in politics

An Unsuitable Monarch  Took the throne at age 19  Young and smart  Very indecisive Weak against opposition  High popularity  Marriage troubles Felt she was using him for power

Estates General (May 1789) King Louis wanted to tax the nobility to get the country out of debt  Clergy: (1 st Estate) Never pay taxes  Nobility : (2 nd Estate) Royalty  wealthy  The Populous: (3 rd Estate)  A wide range of people/wealth  1)Bourgeoisie Wage earning middle class/wealthy  2)Proletarians Peasants

Estates General Composition (Population of France) 1 st Estate = 1-2% 2 nd Estate = 3-5% 3 rd Estate = %

Simulation  Once assigned a role, please read your role card. Then, Whitney will tell you where you will move.  For the 3 rd Estate: You will need a sheet of money to begin cutting out with scissors. Once you have completed cut the sheet, RECYCLE your scraps, and grab another money sheet.

Estates General  How it Worked: Each estate receives one vote Two votes can override the third What do you think the result of this Estates General will be?

Nothing is Decided

Simulation Debrief  What estate were you a part of? Describe your role.  How did you view the other two estates?  Describes your emotions throughout the activity.  What do you think was the biggest issue that surface for the 3 rd Estate during this time period?  Did you enjoy this type of activity?

National Assembly (June 1789)  Called by 3 rd Estate 1 st and 2 nd are no shows Louis had the doors locked  Tennis Court Oath “not to separate until a CONSTITUTION is to be established”

Tension and Turmoil  Tensions rise and violence begins  King, Queen, Government, and nobles flee to Paris (becomes new capital)  Peasants armed with pitch forks, knives, axes, torches  Storm the Bastille (Jul 1789) What is so important about the Bastille?

Based on what you have learned about Enlightenment ideas about government… Do you think these radicals have the right to overthrow their government if they are not satisfied?

Reforms in France  Legislative Assembly – power to create laws, but King still had executive power  Limits the Monarch -->checks and balances (Montesquieu)  Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen “men are born and remain free and equal in rights” Liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression Sound familiar?

The Execution 'I die innocent of all the crimes laid to my charge; I Pardon those who have occasioned my death; and I pray to God that the blood you are going to shed may never be visited on France.'  Tried for treason  Close vote, but found guilty  Jan. 21, 1793  King Louis XVI = beheaded

King Louis XVI (Jan. 1793)

Marie Antoinette (Oct. 1793)

Violence Continues  Legislative Assembly declares war on Austria and Prussia Joined by Britain, Holland, and Spain  Jacobin political party takes power Maximilien Robespierre  Reign of Terror (1793)

Reign of Terror  Accusations  “tried in the morning, guillotined in the afternoon”  40,000 executed  End of Terror Execution of Robespierre

Terror within France  National Convention turned on Robespierre He was arrested and executed New gov. established (3rd between ) Napoleon Bonaparte called to command French army

Critical Questions #1) Does the Reign of Terror reflect what the French Revolution was all about? Why or why not? #2) Analyze how the financial crisis in France led to revolution. Provide evidence from the lesson to support your analysis.