China at the End of the Qing Dynasty Do Now: Explain: Spheres of influence and Open Door Policy

Europe Seeks Trade Rights Ming and Qing Restricted Trade Canton—only trading port Chinese saw European as inferior “long-nosed barbarians”

2 Developments that Changed the Relationship The decline of the Qing Dynasty due to internal problems Food Shortages Droughts and Floods causing famine Peasant revolts The European industrial revolution Modern navies intense desire for more resources and markets

European annoyed Would not kowtow (bow) to the Chinese emperor. resented trade restrictions China refused to engage in diplomacy to reform trade

Opium—The Key to the Door British began selling Indian grown opium to the Chinese. Rampant opium addiction=instability in China China’s attempts to stop it failed China destroys European boats carrying opium

No Match for the British The British navy made fast work of the Chinese. The “Treaty of Nanking” (also Nanjing) ended the Opium War. This was the first of many “unequal treaties” Pay for the destruction of the European ships and opium Give Hong Kong to the British End restrictions on trade Extraterritoriality—Crimes committed by British in China are tried in Britain.

Taiping Rebellion A peasant uprising 1851 lasted 14 years 20 million deaths. Weakened empire Following the rebellion-100 days of reform Attempts to modernize China Adopt some western ideas Why?

The distribution of all land is to be based on the number of persons in each family, regardless of sex. A large family is entitled to more land, a small one to less. The land distributed should not be all of one grade but mixed. … All the land in the country is to be cultivated by the whole population together. … During harvest season, the Group Officer1 should direct [the grain collection by] the sergeants. Deducting the amount needed to feed the twenty‑five families until the next harvest season, he should collect the rest of the produce for storage in the state granaries. … all people under Heaven are of one family belonging to the Heavenly Father, the Supreme Ruler, the Lord God‑on‑High. Nobody should keep private property. All things should be presented to the Supreme Ruler, so that He will be enabled to make use of them and distribute them equally to all members of his great world‑family. Thus all will be sufficiently fed and clothed.   1. Why would Confucian scholars be opposed to the system suggested in these passages? 2. What strengths and weaknesses do you see in the Taiping economic program as revealed in these passages? 3. In what ways does the system envisioned here differ from what was already n place during the mid-nineteenth-century Qing?

Imperialism Expands Late 19th and Early 20th century European’s compete to build empires Nationalism Territorial acquisition

United States Open Door Policy America feared being boxed out because of exclusive trade agreements (spheres of influence) Sought unrestricted trade John Hay sends Europeans notes Europeans—Only if the other agree Hay says yay  Boxer rebellion seals the deal

Ci Xi and the Boxer Rebellion Ci Xi, Qing dynasty’s last empress, opposed this reform Fists of Righteous Harmony (Boxers) violently revolted against all foreigners America helps “squash” the rebellion which leads to military presence in China The door is open!!!

1911 China faces collapse Mao Zedong led the communist party Appealed to the peasant masses Chiang Kai-shek led the Nationalist Party. Appealed to the more wealthy powerful peeps (and Westerners) Results—Long March--Zedong and his 90000 supporters were forced to flee to the Northwest. During the 6000 mile march that lasted more than a year, everyone died but 7000.

Japanese Invade 1931—Japan takes Manchuria and establishes puppet-state, Manchukuo. 1937—Japan invades the rest of China—”Rape of Nanking” (viewed as genocide) Zedong and Kai Shek team up against Japanese Japan is defeated 1945 (end of WWII)