Viruses Are Noncellular! (Nonliving) (capsid) (at most several hundred genes)

Animal cell infection Retrovirus

Super HIV Strain Rattles Experts AIDS scientists are studying viruses from two patients to see if either are the source of a more aggressive and more drug-resistant strain of HIV. They are concerned about a new strain of HIV that rapidly progresses from infection to AIDS. Though the cases have been few and isolated, at-risk communities are alarmed and frightened by the recent discoveries and developments.

From Dr Jekyll to Mr Hyde The prion protein exists in two forms. The normal, innocuous protein (PrPc) can change its shape to a harmful, disease-causing form (PrPSc). The conversion from PrPc to PrPSc then proceeds via a chain-reaction. When enough PrPSc proteins have been made they form long filamentous aggregates that gradually damage neuronal tissue. The harmful PrPSc form is very resistant to high temperatures, UV-irradiation and strong degradative enzymes. PrPc PrPSc

Figure 9. Increase of bacteria resistant to 3 antibiotics over time and cartoon of Superbacteria with many resistance plasmids.

Plasmids Episomes

Chromatin modifications (imprinting)