Age Of Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution and Napoleon Reactionarism ( ) and the Revolutions of 1830 and Latin American Revolutions – Haiti, Mexico and South America (early 1800s)

L.O. Students will analyze the underlying social, political, and economic causes of the French Revolution Do Now: 1. In your opinion, what role does social order play in society? 2. In your opinion, What could cause the economy of a powerful nation to fall apart rapidly? rapidly? 3. How could a nation attempt to rectify the economic crisis it was enduring?

American Revolution Increased British “interference” in American colonies including increased taxation leads to revolt by locals Increased British “interference” in American colonies including increased taxation leads to revolt by locals Britain has difficulties fighting a war so far away from its territories Britain has difficulties fighting a war so far away from its territories Has a “2 nd Part” in the War of 1812 which finally resolves USA’s existence Has a “2 nd Part” in the War of 1812 which finally resolves USA’s existence Based on the principles of “The Enlightenment” a strong government is established after 1789 with the signing of the US Constitution. A “large % of people could vote (compared to in England) Based on the principles of “The Enlightenment” a strong government is established after 1789 with the signing of the US Constitution. A “large % of people could vote (compared to in England) Regional (North vs South) differences exist and a strong unified country is not established until after the Civil War in mid-1800s. Regional (North vs South) differences exist and a strong unified country is not established until after the Civil War in mid-1800s.

The French Revolution 1789

What were the main causes of the French Revolution? 1. System of Government 2. Social Order 3. Economic crises 4. Enlightenment Ideas 5. Weak leadership 6. The American Revolution

System of Government France was an absolute monarchy France was an absolute monarchy –Ruler has complete power over the government and lives of the people they govern –Divine right of kings

King Louis XVI Reigned

Queen Marie Antoinette

Social Order in France Ancien Regime: old order, the system of government in pre- revolution France Ancien Regime: old order, the system of government in pre- revolution France

KING FIRST ESTATE 1% SECOND ESTATE 1% THIRD ESTATE 98 % Social Order of France

The First Estate Clergy ClergyPrivileges: - Collected tithes - Paid no taxes - Bishops -Were usually wealthy appointed nobles - Parish priests were usually poor

The Second Estate Titled nobility of French society Titled nobility of French society Privelages: Privelages: – Paid no taxes – Top jobs in government, the army, the courts and the Church – Disliked losing positions to the rising bourgeoisies

The Third Estate Consisted of everyone who was not clergy or nobility Consisted of everyone who was not clergy or nobility Largest class 98% Largest class 98% Vastly diverse Vastly diverse Bourgeoisie – middle class were top of third estate Included professionals such as ? Bankers, merchants, lawyers & Dr.’s Majority – rural peasants

Abbé Sieyès‘ (theorist of the Revolution) What is the Third Estate? We must ask ourselves three questions. 1. What is the Third State? Everything. 2. What has it been until now in the political order? We must ask ourselves three questions. 1. What is the Third State? Everything. 2. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. 3. What does it want to be? Something.... Nothing. 3. What does it want to be? Something....

Estates General: is the legislative body made up of representatives of the three estates. Estates General: is the legislative body made up of representatives of the three estates. Can only be summoned by the king Can only be summoned by the king Had not been called for 175 years Had not been called for 175 years Each estate had 1 vote Each estate had 1 vote

Another cause: Economic Crises Severe economic crises Severe economic crises -France was deeply in debt Deficit spending – occurs when a government spends more than they take in National Debt – interest huge

Causes: Economic Crises Lavish Spending by previous monarchs Lavish Spending by previous monarchs –Louis XV (War of the Austrian Succession) –Louis XIV Three major wars Three major wars Chateau de Versailles Chateau de Versailles

Causes: Economic Crises  Bad Harvests Food prices soared Brought widespread famine to peasants Population growth  Lavish spending at court  Financing wars including -The Seven Years War (France lost) -The Seven Years War (France lost) -The American Revolution -The American Revolution

Economic Reform Jacques Necker: financial advisor appointed by the king appointed by the king –Reduce extravagant spending –Tax the First and second Estates –Dismissed –King failed to institute reforms –This angered the Third Estate

Jacques Necker

The American Revolution Ideas of the philosophes RousseauMontesquieuVoltaire

Enlightenment Ideas Equality and justice for all Equality and justice for all Governments power comes from the people Governments power comes from the people People have natural rights to life, liberty and property People have natural rights to life, liberty and property Separation of powers Separation of powers Checks and balances Checks and balances

The American Revolution Cost of financing the Americans Cost of financing the Americans Enlightenment ideas successfully implemented Enlightenment ideas successfully implemented Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence

Cahiers: notebooks used to list grievances of the Three Estates Cahiers: notebooks used to list grievances of the Three Estates

The French Monarchy: Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI

Let Them Eat Cake! – out of touch Y Marie Antoinette NEVER said that! Y “Madame Deficit” Y “The Austrian Whore”/ Necklace Scandal?Summer Cottage scandal

Socio-Economic Data, 1789

The French Urban Poor

a Urban Commoner’s Budget: –Food 80% –Rent 25% –Tithe 10% –Taxes 35% –Clothing 20% –TOTAL 170% a King’s Budget: –Interest 50% –Army 25% –Versailles 25% –Coronation 10% –Loans 25% –Admin. 25% –TOTAL 160% Financial Problems in France, 1789

Ancien Regime Map, 1789

How can the King raise $? Needs to call the Estates General – to raise funds and tax the nobles.

Lettres de Cachet Y The French king could warrant imprisonment or death in a signed letter under his seal. Y A carte-blanche warrant. Y Cardinal Fleury issued 80,000 during the reign of Louis XV! Y Eliminated in 1790.

Convening the Estates General May, 1789 Last time it was called into session was 1614!

Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate The Suggested Voting Pattern: Voting by Estates Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.

Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate The Number of Representatives in the Estates General: Vote by Head!

Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes – opposes the system 1 st What is the Third Estate? Everything! 2 nd What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing! 3 rd What does it demand? To become something therein! Abbé Sieyès

“The Third Estate Awakens” Y The commoners finally presented their credentials not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.” Y They proclaimed themselves the “National Assembly” of France.

The Tennis Court Oath

Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789 Y A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly. Y 18 died. Y 73 wounded. Y 7 guards killed. Y It held 7 prisoners [5 ordinary criminals & 2 madmen].

The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt (July 20, 1789) Y Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristos] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land. – Nobles are killed and most flee France hoping to return when things calm down

The Path of the “Great Fear”

Night Session of August 4, 1789 Y Before the night was over:  The feudal regime in France had been abolished.  All Frenchmen were, at least in principle, subject to the same laws and the same taxes and eligible for the same offices. Equality & Meritocracy! Equality & Meritocracy!

National Constituent Assembly August Decrees August 4-11, 1789 (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!) Liberté! Egalité! Fraternité!

BUT..... Y Feudal dues were not renounced outright [this had been too strong a threat to the principle of private property!] Y Peasants would compensate their landlords through a series of direct payments for obligations from which they had supposedly been freed.  Therefore, the National Assembly made revolutionary gestures, but remained essentially moderate. Their Goal Their Goal Safeguard the right of private property!!

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen – Enlightenment ideals put into law by the National Assembly – First Republic of France established – King is a figurehead Monarchy August 26, 1789 V Liberty! V Property! V Resistance to oppression! V Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at this time.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Posed New Dilemmas 1.Did women have equal rights with men? NO 2.What about free blacks in the colonies? NO 3.How could slavery be justified if all men were born free? ??? They try 4.Did religious toleration of Protestants and Jews include equal political rights? NO

Olympe de Gouges ( ) Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen (1791) V Women played a vital role in the Revolution. V But, The Declaration of the Rights of Man did NOT extend the rights and protections of citizenship to women.

March of the Women, October 5-6, 1789 We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy! A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread.

The “October Days” (1789) The king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and reside at the Tuileries Palace.

How to Finance the New Govt.? 1. Confiscate Church Lands (1790) One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.

2. Print Assignats V Issued by the National Constituent Assembly. V Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands as security.

Depreciation of the Assignat V Whoever acquired them were entitled to certain privileges in the purchase of church land. V The state would retire the notes as the land was sold. V They began circulating as paper currency.  Government printed more  INFLATION [they lost 99% of their value ultimately].  Therefore, future governments paid off their creditors with cheap money.

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy The Civil Constitution of the Clergy July 12, 1790 Jurying vs. Non-Jurying [refractory] Clergy The oath of allegiance permanently divided the Catholic population!

New Relations Between Church & State V Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the churches. V The church was reorganized:  Parish priests  elected by the district assemblies.  Bishops  named by the department assemblies.  The pope had NO voice in the appointment of the French clergy. V It transformed France’s Roman Catholic Church into a branch of the state!! Pope Pius VI [ ]

Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791

The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government V The king got the “suspensive” veto [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years].  He could not pass laws.  His ministers were responsible for their own actions. V A permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly.  Had the power to grant taxation. V An independent judiciary.

The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government V “Active” Citizen [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] could vote vs. “Passive” Citizen.  1/3 of adult males were denied the franchise.  Domestic servants were also excluded. V A newly elected LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. GOAL  Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!

The Royal Family Attempts to Flee Y June, 1791 Y Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover]. Y Headed toward the Luxembourg border. Y The King was recognized at Varennes, near the border

Europe on the Eve of the French Revolution – How will the rest of Europe react to what is happening in France?

Sir Edmund Burke (1790): Reflections on the Revolution in France The conservative response to the French Revolution – Great Britain fearful it will spread

The First Coalition & The Brunswick Manifesto (August 3, 1792) FRANCE AUSTRIA PRUSSIA BRITAIN SPAIN PIEDMONT Duke of Brunswick  if the Royal Family is harmed, Paris will be leveled!! This military crisis undermined the new Legislative Assembly.

French Soldiers & the Tricolor: Vive Le Patrie! V The French armies were ill-prepared for the conflict. V ½ of the officer corps had emigrated. V Many men disserted. V New recruits were enthusiastic, but ill-trained. V French troops often broke ranks and fled in disorder.

French Expansion: – under General Napoleon’s leadership French army becomes organized and effective