© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 John W. Santrock Socioemotional Development in Adolescence 15

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Socioemotional Development in Adolescence What Is the Nature of Adolescence? What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty?What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty? What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality?What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality? How Can Adolescent Problems and Health Be Characterized?How Can Adolescent Problems and Health Be Characterized?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Views of Adolescence Biological view: Hall’s view that adolescence is a turbulent time of “storm and stress” Adolescence, like childhood, is an interaction of genetic, biological, environmental, and social factors What Is the Nature of Adolescence?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 What Is the Nature of Adolescence? Today’s adolescents exposed to complex menu of lifestyle options Most have positive self-images, finish high school, and have self- control U.S. adolescent drug use highest of all Western industrialized countries What Is the Nature of Adolescence?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Determinants of Puberty Puberty: period of rapid physical maturation –Heredity: programmed genes –Hormones: testosterone, pituitary gland, gonads, androgens, hypothalamus, and estradiol –Weight and body fat What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Puberty Gonadarche: sexual maturation and the development of reproductive maturity –Menarche: girl’s first menstrual period –Spermarche: boy’s first ejaculation of semen What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Growth Spurt Most rapid increases in growth since infancy Adolescents gain weight approximately the same rate as they gain height Changes in hip and shoulder width What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Sexual Maturation Male –Increase penis and testicle size –Pubic hair growth –First ejaculation –Maximum growth –Hair in armpits –Voice change –Facial hair Female –Breasts enlarge or pubic hair appears –Hair in armpits –Growth –Hips widen –First menstruation What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Secular Trends in Puberty Patterns over time, especially across generations U.S.: average age of menarche declined about two to four months per decade much of 20th century –Improved health and nutrition What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Age in years Height spurt Menarche Penile growth Breast growth Testicular growth Growth of pubic hair Completion (avg) Females Onset (avg) Males Fig Normal Range and Average Development of Sexual Characteristics in Males and Females

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Finland Sweden U.S.A. Norway U.K Year Median age (years) at menarche 1980 Median Ages at Menarche in Selected Northern European Countries and the United States from 1845 to 1969 Fig. 15.4

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Psychological Dimensions of Puberty Body image –Preoccupation, dissatisfaction with changing body –Girls more negative than boys Early and late maturation What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Early and Late Maturation GirlsBoys Early Risk of school, substance, eating, sex problems More independent Positive self- perception Successful peer relations Late Early body dissatisfaction, happier later Stronger sense of identity in 30s What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Fig Early- and Late-Maturing Adolescent Girls’ Perceptions of Body Image in Early and Late Adolescence Late development Early development Mean Body Image Score Grade 10Grade 6

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 The Brain Activity during emotional processing differs in adolescents and adults –Prefrontal lobe not fully developed, “gut” reactions from adolescents –Influences of reward and punishment; adolescent difficulty in controlling behavior –More research needed What Are the Physical and Psychological Aspects of Puberty?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Developing a Sexual Identity Time of –Ambivalence: sex used in movies/videos/TV shows/music, advertisements, and Internet –Frequent viewing tied to casual sex attitudes –Mastering sexual feelings and forming sense of sexual identity is lengthy, multifaceted What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Sexual Activity Typical progression of sexual behavior –Necking, kissing –Petting –Oral sex or intercourse 50% have had intercourse by age 17, 80% by age 19 What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Sexual Activity –Adolescent males more likely to report being sexually active than females –Culturally: Asian Americans have more restrictive timetable for sexual activity –African-American males and inner-city adolescents more sexually active; risk factors exist and sexual problems What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Sexual Intercourse Rates in U.S. Adolescents Percentage Fig What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Homosexuality in Adolescence Diverse patterns of attractions Homosexual identity, attractions, behaviors increase with age 6% of 18-year-olds “predominantly homosexual” Some stop homosexual behavior after adolescence What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Contraceptive Use in Adolescence Contraceptive use increasing –Nearly 80% use at first intercourse Pill most popular –Also injectables, withdrawal, implants Younger adolescents less likely to use –Higher risk of pregnancy and disease What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Sexually Transmitted Infections HIV and AIDS caused greatest impact in world Other STDs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes At greatest risk: drug users, poor, young homosexuals, Latinos and African Americans What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Why Are U.S. Adolescent Pregnancy Rates So High? Causes –Childbearing regarded as adult activity –Unclear messages on sexual behavior –Little access to family planning services –Lack of health insurance, basic heath care –2002: record low births to adolescent girls What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Fig Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Adolescent Pregnancy Rates England and Wales Canada France Sweden U.S. Year Births per 1000 women 15 to19

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25 What Are the Dimensions of Adolescent Sexuality? Reducing Adolescent Pregnancy Sex education and family planning Access to contraceptives Life options approach –Opportunities other than parenting Broad community involvement, support

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26 Risks of Adolescent Pregnancy Risk factors –Health problems for baby and mother –Low education for mothers –Low income –Educational, behavioral problems for children How Can Adolescent Problems and Health Be Characterized?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 27 Adolescent Problems and Health Risk Factors –Poverty –Ineffective parenting –Mental disorder in parents Assets –External –Internal How Can Adolescent Problems and Health Be Characterized?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 28 Substance Use Cigarette smoke begins primarily in childhood and adolescence Alcoholics begin drinking habits in high school and college Most adolescents use drugs at some point Drug use poses hazard to development when adolescents use for “coping” How Can Adolescent Problems and Health Be Characterized?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 29 Trends in Drug Use by U.S. 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-Grade Students Fig Percent of students who reported illicit drug use in the last 12 months Year th grade 12th grade 10th grade

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 30 Alcohol Use and Cigarette Smoking Alcohol use dropping, rates still high –19% of eighth-graders, 48% of seniors –More boys than girls Smoking –Decreasing use among adolescents –Social disapproval a reason to quit –Earlier the onset, the more damaging How Can Adolescent Problems and Health Be Characterized?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 31 Eating Disorders Impact of body image and parenting Obesity and successful interventions Anorexia nervosa: relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation Bulimia nervosa: consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern How Can Adolescent Problems and Health Be Characterized?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 32 Fig The Increase in Being Overweight in Adolescence from 1968 to 1999 in the U.S Percent of overweight adolescents, years of age Year

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 33 Adolescent Health Establishing bad habits sets risks for adult health problems –Premature disability and mortality –U.S. adolescents exercise less –New interest in adolescent sleep patterns; biological clocks changing How Can Adolescent Problems and Health Be Characterized?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 34 Adolescent Health Adolescents have more acute health conditions than adults; underutilize health system, especially males –Barriers for adolescents Costs Poor organization Availability of health services Confidentiality of care How Can Adolescent Problems and Health Be Characterized?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 35 The Leading Causes of Death in Adolescence Accidents Homicide Suicide How Can Adolescent Problems and Health Be Characterized?

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 36 The End 15