Lettuce Plant F Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) –Butterhead variety –Quick turnover u 5 weeks –Cultivars u Rex u Tom Thumb

Varieties of Romaine and Bibb

Data collection and analysis Light measurements (PAR)Computer monitoring

Nutrient Balance F Nutrient Balance –Feed u 32% Protein u 2-4% System Biomass u FCR 2:1 –Filtration u Clarifier u Nitrification –Hydroponics u Nutrient uptake u Water Water Chemistry N, TAN, NH4, NO2, NO3, K, P, Ca, Fe, pH, alkalinity, T, EC

Aquaponic Inputs F Inputs: –Water –Fish Food u Star Milling Co. u 1/8” Floating Tilapia Feed –Dolomite 65 Ag u CaCO % u MgCO % u Ca 22.7% u Mg 11.8% –Biomins u Biomin Fe+ (5%) u Biomin Mn+ (5%) u Biomin Zn+ (7%) Crude Protein32% Crude Fat5% Crude Fiber3.5 % Ash9% FISH FEED %N5.97 %P1.53 %K1.46 %Ca1.61 %Mg0.26 %Na0.24 %S0.46 mg/LCu15 mg/LZn143 mg/LMn93 mg/LFe461 mg/LB18 – Nutrient Content Analysis

pH & Oxygen F pH Range Tilapia –Fish = 6.5 – 8.5 –Plant = 5.0 – 7.5 F Diurnal pH Flux –Reduce shifts to stabilize pH u Shifts can inhibit organism's physiology thus reducing growth u Acidic pH can effect solubility of Fertilizers –Alkalinity u Optimal: mg/L u Stabilizes pH ; provides nutrients for growth F Dissolved Oxygen –> 4 mg/l (ppm)

UAAQ CEAC Methodology F Data Collection –Fish : Lettuce u Fish FCR u Fish Biomass (1 kg) u Plant Wet/Dry Weight u Plant Height/Diameter –Lettuce quality u Apogee CCM-200 u Chlorophyll Concentration Index (CCI) –Relative chlorophyll value –Compare a cultivar of lettuce growing in different systems

UAAQ CEAC Biomass Density F CEAC GH#3118 –Tilapia Density u 0.04 – 0.06 kg/L u 2% Biomass / day u 1.6 – 1.8 kg feed / day u Harvest weight 1kg –Lettuce u 32 plants / m 2 u 6” off center u Harvest head wet weight grams

UAAQ CEAC Water Chemistry F Nutrient Deficiency Succession –[ Fe+, Mn+, Mo+] < –[Ca+, Mg+]< –[Zn+] F Hydroponic Water Parameters –pH –EC 1.5 – 2.0 –DO 4-7mg/L –T = o C Water Chemistry (mg/L) CEAC Lettuce GH#3118 Target NITROGEN Ammonia NH3-N00 Nitrate NO3-N18050 Boron (B)0.35<1 Calcium (Ca)20060 Copper (Cu)0.05<0.05 Iron (Fe)2.42 Magnesium (Mg)4020 Manganese (Mn) Molybdenum (Mo)0.05 PO4-P50 Potassium (K) Sulfate (SO4)-S Zinc (Zn)

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UAAQ CEAC Environmental Data F Set Points: –Hydroponic Treatment u Day T air = o C u Night T air = o C u T H2O = o C u pH = u DO = mg/L UAAQ 2009 Environmental Data Exp. 1 Mean Daily PAR16.60 moles/m 2 Total PAR Exp moles/m 2 Mean Night T a o C Mean Day T a o C Daily Mean T a o C Daily Mean RH%59.47% Exp.1 Exp.2 Exp.3 UAAQ 2009 Environmental Data Exp. 2 Mean Daily PAR19.33 moles/m 2 Total PAR Exp moles/m 2 Mean Night T a o C Mean Day T a o C Daily Mean T a o C Daily Mean RH%60.85% UAAQ 2009 Water Parameters Exp. 1 Mean Water Temperature24.29 o C pH6.75 Dissolved Oxygen5.89 mg/L Electrical Conductivity0.97 dS/cm UAAQ 2009 Water Parameters Exp. 2 Mean Water Temperature24.22 o C pH6.73 Dissolved Oxygen6.74 mg/L Electrical Conductivity0.93 dS/cm

UAAQ CEAC Nitrogen Mass Flow F Fish Feed –% N = 5.97 u 1800 grams/day u 107 grams nitrogen/day F Sludge –N = 3.38% per g dry weight u 5 Liters day produced u Collect dry weight / day F Fish –27% nitrogen retention F Lettuce –Samples to be analyzed F Water –40-60 mg/L Nitrate Exp.1 Exp.2 Exp.3

UAAQ CEAC Water Chemistry F Macronutrients –Accumulation reaching steady state –Calcium and magnesium supplementation u Experiments 2-8 F Micronutrients –Biomin Iron supplementation u Experiment s 4-8 –Biomin Zinc supplementation u Experiments 5-8 –Biomin Manganese supplementation u Experiments 6-8 Exp.1 Exp.2 Exp.3 Exp.1 Exp.2 Exp.3

UAAQ Exp. 2 Aquaponics vs. Hydroponics F Hydroponic Solution –Nitrogen uptake – Experiment 2 Data u mg/L NO3-N u mg/L P u 100+ mg/L K

Arizona Aquaculture Website ag.arizona.edu/azaqua

What’s needed next? F Investment in production and more research F Best technologies of ag and aquaculture F Limited governmental regulation F Trained production staff and semi-skilled farming staff