 Language and Gender  Gender Matters at School

 members of the group live near each other in a recognised neighbourhood or they have recognised meeting places;  they have a recognisable and distinctive subculture;  members of the group acknowledge the existence of the group: belonging to the group is part of their identity (cf. Coates 7) 3/3/14

 Robin Lakoff: Language and Woman’s Place  Dale Spender: Man Made Language  Maria Black and Rosalind Coward: language: not inherently sexist  Critical models: ◦ Deficit model ◦ Dominance model ◦ Cultural difference model ◦ Discursive model 3/3/14

FEATURESMENWOMENCHILDRE N RANGE80–200 Hz120–400 Hz EXTREME60 Hz1300 Hz TYPICAL RANGE USED 100–150 Hz200–300 Hz AVERAGE120 Hz225 Hz265 Hz

 Women’s „ephemeral vocabulary”  Innovation  Androcentric rule  Speech – silence  Interest areas  „Gossip” vs discussion  Naming  „man”  Taboo language/swearing  Semantic derogation of women 3/3/14

MaleFemale courtiercourtesan mastermistress hosthostess governorgoverness adventureradventuress sirmadam bachelorspinster lordlady kingqueen priestpriestess poetpoetess godgoddess 3/3/14

 Set phrases  Generic „he”  Hedges, tag questions, questions  Turn-taking 3/3/14

1 st speaker2 nd speakerTotal overlaps interruptions347 Total /3/14

Male speaker Female speaker Total overlaps909 interruption46248 Total55257

 Gender and the acquisition of knowledge  Hidden curriculum  Classroom behvaiour  Achievement orientation  Career perspectives 3/3/14

 Gender role acquisition  Schoolbooks: ◦ Stereotypes ◦ Relative invisibility 3/3/14

BOOKMALESFEMALESADULT WITH BOY ADULT WITH GIRL OLD BOOK NEW BOOK

PLACEMEN, BOYSWOMEN, GIRLS DIFFERENCE INDUSTRY SCHOOL STREET SHOP HOME AGRICULTURE OFFICE

 Girls: better at speaking  Referential speech  Social speech  Politeness 3/3/14

CATEGORYGIRLSBOYS imperative (do, don’t)1236 declarative imperative (you have to push it) 56 pretend directive (pretend you …)114 question directive (will you be the patient?) 20 tag question (you feel ill, don’t you)3516 joint directive (now, we’ll cover him up)153 state question (are you sick?)211 Information question (What does she need now?) 1622 attention-getting device (look at it)22 TOTAL100

 Competition – public sphere  Collaboration – expression of empathy 3/3/14

 School subjects  Teaching/learning processes  Teacher’s attention  Disruptiveness  Communication patterns  TEFL: ◦ Grammar books and dictionaries ◦ Course materials ◦ Teaching/learning processes ◦ Problematic points: cultural differences 3/3/14

 Thank you for your attention!