Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 1 Organization of the Human Body

Anatomy & Physiology – The Beginnings 420 B.C. The Greek philosopher and "father of medicine" Hippocrates publishes "Corpus Hippocratium" in which he states that all disease has a natural cause and runs a natural course; 200 A.D. Greek physician Galen ( A.D.) performs regular surgeries (mostly with injured gladiators) in Rome; is the first to state that arteries contain blood and not as widely believed... air; publishes his famous medical encyclopedia "De Medicina" which becomes the standard medical work for the next centuries Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

History of A&P 1530 Italian physician Girolamo Fracastoro states the Contagion theory; he suspects the sexually transmitted disease Syphilis to be spread by “seeds” and states an early version of the "germ theory of disease“ 1550 the physician and anatomist Andreas Vesalius ( ) publishes "De Humani Corporis Fabrica", the most accurate anatomical atlas of the human body of his time Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

History of A&P 1628 William Harvey publishes de motu cordis, in which he states that blood circulates with the help of the heart as pump; discovers capillaries and proposes that the human body has a closed circulatory system Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Definitions Anatomy: science that studies structure Physiology: science that studies body functions Anatomy (structure) determines physiology (functions)

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Levels of Organization Chemical: atoms  molecules Cellular: cells containing organelles  Basic unit of life Tissue: groups of cells and surrounding material  4 basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous Organ: group of tissues performing a common function System: group of organs with a common function Organism: contains all systems of an individual

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Levels of Organization

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Life Processes Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth Differentiation Reproduction

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Autopsy Examination and dissection of a body to determine the cause of death when life processes have not been maintained adequately.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Homeostasis Maintaining a stable internal environment Dynamic process because of many changes Examples of variable factors  Body temperature  Blood pressure  Water and nutrient levels Maintained by feedback systems

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms Stimulus disrupts a controlled variable Receptor recognizes the change and sends message = input (typically by nerve pathways) to: Control Center that evaluates input and sends output to: Effector that attempts to change the altered variable

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Levels of Organization

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Negative Feedback Systems Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback systems “Negative” means “opposite” (not “bad”) These systems reverse a change in the controlled variable, bringing it back to “normal”  Example: high blood pressure (BP) is detected and then lowered to normal BP

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Negative Feedback Systems

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Communication, Regulation and Homeostasis Communication, Regulation and Homeostasis Negative Feedback Systems Interactions Animation You must be connected to the internet to run this animation.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Positive Feedback Systems Few homeostatic control mechanisms are of this type These systems strengthen a change and must be shut down by an outside force. Examples:  Contractions of uterus cause even more contractions (and more…) at child birth  Hormonal control of ovulation  Systems that control blood clotting

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Clinical Terms Disorder: abnormality of structure/function Disease: specific illness characterized by signs and symptoms  Symptoms: subjective changes not observable from outside a person. Examples: pain, headache, nausea  Signs: observable or measurable changes. Examples: high BP, ankle swelling, fever

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Aging and Homeostasis Normal process that:  Includes a progressive loss in the ability to maintain homeostasis  Affects all body systems  Can be slowed down or minimized by healthy living

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Homeostatic Relationships Aging and Homeostasis Interactions Animation You must be connected to the internet to run this animation.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Anatomical Terms Precise use of language to define position, direction, and location in the body.  Anatomical position Stands erect facing the observer, with head level and eyes facing forward, and palms facing forward  Common and anatomical terms  Directional terms  Planes and sections  Body cavities

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Anatomical Position

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Directional Terms

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Planes Through the Human Body

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Planes and Sections: Brain

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Planes and Sections: Brain

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Planes and Sections: Brain

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Anatomical Terms Body cavities  Cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord)  Thoracic (chest cavity): pleural, pericardial, and mediastinal (region between lungs)  Abdominopelvic (inferior to diaphragm): Abdominal  Larger; contains most abdominopelvic organs  Subdivided into 9 regions or 4 quadrants Pelvic  More inferior and smaller  Contains urinary bladder, lowest portions of digestive tract, and internal reproductive organs

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Anatomical Terms Body cavities  Serous membranes are located in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities Functions: protect organs, reduce friction Layers  Visceral layer covers organs  Parietal layer lines cavity Names:  Pleural (covers lungs, lines thorax)  Pericardial (covers heart, lines central part of thorax)  Peritoneal (covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity)

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Body Cavities

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Body Cavities

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Abdominopelvic Cavity: 9 Regions

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Abdominopelvic Cavity: 9 Regions

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Abdominopelvic Cavity: 4 Quadrants

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