Basic Chemistry. Atom Isotope Same element, Different # of Neutrons.

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Presentation transcript:

Basic Chemistry

Atom

Isotope Same element, Different # of Neutrons

Elements and Electrons

Electron Orbitals

Orbitals

Ionic Bonds Transfer of electrons

NaCl, table salt

Covalent Bonds Sharing of electrons

Covalent Bond

The Carbon Atom

Water Molecule

Water: The Medium of Life Every living organism is dependent upon water for existence Basic and complex molecules perform their functions only within an aqueous environment

No Water, No Life

Water Good

Amoeba need water

Lizard and Lichen too

What’s So Special About Water?

Properties of Water 1.Polarity 2.Hydrogen Bonding 3.Universal Solvent 4.Heat Capacity 5.Cohesion 6.pH 7.Ice

A Polar Molecule Though water has no net charge it does exhibit partial charge, due to Oxygen’s pull on the shared electrons

Hydrogen Bonding The attraction of oppositely charged poles of a molecule, in this case a water molecule

Hydrogen Bonding - not just water to water

Universal Solvent All polar or charged molecules dissolve readily in water This is because of hydrogen bonding In living organisms most organic molecules have some type of charge and so may mix with water

Hydration Shell

Water as a solvent

Heat Capacity Temperature is defined as the kinetic energy of molecules (how fast they are moving) Energy is required to break hydrogen bonds Water takes a long time to heat up or cool off Why is the weather more constant near bodies of water?

Cohesion

H + (a free proton) Water molecules occasionally break apart (~ 1 out of 550 million) Ionization:H > OH - + H + Concentration of H + in solution is known as pH: pH = -log [H + ]

pH Scale Acidic: High concentration of H + Basic (alkaline): Low concentration of H +

Why does Ice float?

Ice vs. Water

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