Measurements of acoustic backscatter and density of captive Atlantic cod with synchronized 300-kHz multibeam and 120-kHz split-beam echosounders 300-kHZ 多波束及 120-kHZ 分割波束漁探機對於大西 洋鱈之聲學反射及魚群密度量測 Gurshin, C. W. D., Jech, J. M., Howell, W. H., Weber, T. C., and Mayer, L. A ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1303– 專題討論 Speaker : 黃星翰
Fishery Echosounder TS : target-strength ( dB ) s A : nautical area scattering coefficient ( m 2 / m 2 ) S v : volume backscattering strength ( dB )
Introduction Introduction Acoustic vs. trawl survey Echosounder series Multibeam echosounder Materials and methods Materials and methods Sample processing Experiment Data analysis Results Results EK60 vs. EM3002 Discussion DiscussionResults
Introduction
Fishery-acoustic vs. Traditional trawl survey Fish density Biomass Spatial distribution Behaviour
beam singledualsplitmulti
Multibeam echosounders Seabed mapping InvestigationCombination
Objective Fewer application for demersal species Not widely developed in the United States Comparing split-beam and multibeam
Materials and methods
Atlantic cod
Sample processing Captive New Hampshire, USA Trawl ; 16.5mm ; 60 - 80m ; 13 times Selection L T : 50 - 110cm Total : 195 Acclimation 3m depth per 30 min ; 48 - 72 h Experiment L T : 52 - 105cm ; mean : 80.7±10.9cm n : 195 →128→116→66→23 ; 4 days
Apparatus Simrad EK60 120kHz splitbeam echosounder Kongsberg EM kHz multibeam echosounder 7°Beam width130° 23 mm copperStandar sphere38.1 mm tungsten-carbid 8 - 10 m Calibrate depth 8 - 10 m
Experimental setup
Data analysis Post-processing software : Echoview and Matlab Statistical analysing software : SAS and R A WC = EL - SL - 10 log 10 (Ω TX Ω RX ) + 2αR + 30 log 10 R +C S v = A WC - ( X - 20)10 log 10 (R) - 10 log 10 (cτ/2) EL : echo level SL : source level α : attenuation coefficient Ω TX : transmitting beam width Ω RX : receiving beam width R : range from the transducer C : calibration gain S v : volume-backscattering strength ( dB ) X : collection of A wc c : sound speed ( ms - 1 ) τ : pulse duration ( s )
S v for the EM dB dynamic range
Threshold : - 36dB Cod : 128 Cod : 23Cod : 66 Cod : 116
S v for the EK60 Threshold : - 30dB Cod : 128 Cod : 66
Results
14dB
Date25 June26 June27 June 28 June Depth ( m ) L T ( cm ) n Percentage Total pings kHz EM3002 S v ( dB ; 95 % CI ) - 29.8 (- 30.3, - 29.3 ) - 31.7 (- 31.9, - 31.5 ) - 28.4 (- 28.7, - 28.2 ) - 29.1 (- 29.4, - 28.8 ) - 39.7 (- 40.3, - 39.1 ) 300kHz EM3002 Percentage kHz EK60 S v ( dB ; 95 % CI ) - 29.4 (- 30.0, - 28.8 ) - 26.5 (- 26.9, - 26.2 ) - 23.6 (- 24.2, - 23.1 ) - 26.4 (- 26.9, - 25.8 ) - 38.8 (- 40.0, - 37.8 ) 120kHz EK60 Percentage TS a - 26.9 - 26.8 - 26.7 - 26.6 Expected b S v at 120kHz - 25.7 - 26.1 - 28.4 - 32.9 TS a = 20 log (L T ) - 65 (Rose and Porter, 1996) at 120kHz, where L T is the total length (cm). b S v = TS + 10 log (N/V), where N is the number of cod in the sampled volume V.
6 dB 7 dB
Discussion
SvSvSvSv 1.Random and homogeneous distribution of target 2.Constant fish orientations (assuming linearity in echo- integration)
Sensitivity highlow
Improvement Limitation 64 dB dynamic range Split-beams detection in the athwartships direction only Nearfield range of ~7m Simrad ME70 Adjustable beam width ( ° ) Split-beam operating at multiple frequencies Calibration of all beams Single-target detections TS estimations Quantification of the effect of different incidence angle and overlapping beams on volume-backscatter measurements
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