Quiz 1 Grab a quiz sheet Write down section # Take everything off desk You have 10 minutes…

1. What organelle functions in energy production in animal cells. What about plants cells? 2. Which of the following is membrane bound? Nucleus or Nucleoid

3. Which are the two modes of reproduction in Ciliates, such as Paramecium? _________________

4. Trypanosoma belongs to the Phylum _________________

5. This organism belongs to the Kingdom _________________ and moves by means of ____________

6. What is a unique feature of a parfocal microscope? a) light is formed on the slide b) can use both eyes to look at an image c) focus is retained as you move between objective lens d) one eye can be focused independently of the other

7. How many structures of a protein are there?

Spectrophotometry. Use of spectrophotometers.. Zero the machine.. Composition and use of a blank.. How to adjust wavelength.. Proper use of cuvettes.

ENZYME KINETICS

Proteins A protein's function is due entirely to its overall shape = conformation.A protein's function is due entirely to its overall shape = conformation. Conformation is determined by 1˚, 2˚, 3˚, and perhaps 4˚ structure of the protein.Conformation is determined by 1˚, 2˚, 3˚, and perhaps 4˚ structure of the protein.

The primary structure of a protein *sequence of amino acids

The secondary structure of a protein *Hydrogen bonding between C & N

The tertiary structure of a protein *Interaction of amino acids and H2O

The quaternary structure of proteins *2 or more protein molecules joined together

Enzymes Enzymes are protein catalysts.Enzymes are protein catalysts. Lower the activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction to occur.Lower the activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction to occur. Act on a substrate, form an enzyme-substrate complex. Ultimately results in a product.Act on a substrate, form an enzyme-substrate complex. Ultimately results in a product. We are using barley amylase enzyme on a starch substrate.We are using barley amylase enzyme on a starch substrate.

Formation of an enzyme-substrate complex

Environmental factors affecting enzyme activity

Blanking spectrophotometer -Set wavelength to 560 nm -With chamber empty, set Transmittance T=0 with left knob -Place blank cuvette in spectrophotometer -Set Absorbance A=0 with right knob -Replace blank for experimental cuvette -Take reading!!!

BASIC PROCEDURE

1. Prepare 2 erlenmeyers (one for pH and one for temperature) 2. Set wavelength to 560 nm 3. Prepare a blank and blank your spec 4. Collect your initial reading (Time zero) 5. TA will put 1 ml of enzyme in your erlenmeyer. 6. Start timing…

7. As the proper time interval approaches, swirl the flask to mix and draw 5 ml of starch/enzyme up into the pipette. You should pipette up the solution about 15 sec before the reading time. 8. At the reading time, release the solution into the cuvette and mix - the iodine stops the reaction immediately. 9. Readings should generally be taken within about 5 minutes.

Experiments: You will work in groups of three.You will work in groups of three. Each group will perform one run from the pH experiment (4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5)Each group will perform one run from the pH experiment (4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5) Then, each group will do one of the temperature variables (15º, 30º, 45º, 55º, 60º and 70º)Then, each group will do one of the temperature variables (15º, 30º, 45º, 55º, 60º and 70º)

pH experiment -Add 35 ml of buffer to 35 ml of starch solution. -Blank is 1:1 dH 2 O:buffer (+ iodine)

Temperature experiment -Mix as in basic procedure. The reaction flask is kept in a water bath. -NOTE: Very cold and very hot solutions might need to sit before being read.

I will come around and add enzyme when your group has… 1.Finished basic procedure 1.35 mL pH buffer + 35 mL starch 2.Blank- 0.1 mL I mL pH mL DI H2O 3.Placed 0.1 mL I in each cuvette 2.Blanked Spectrophotometer 3.Taken time = 0 1.Transfer 5 mL solution from flask into cuvette w/ I. Make sure to mix!

All of the data will be shared among the class You will record your data on the computer.You will record your data on the computer. A data set will be printed out for each student.A data set will be printed out for each student.

Reaction Rate = 1/2 change in absorbance / = 1/2 change in absorbance / time for this change to occur time for this change to occur -There is a worksheet at the end of the chapter to help calculate reaction rate. -Additional copies of this worksheet can be printed off of the homepage. -Hand this in with your lab report, so that I can see your calculations. -There is another handout ("How to Calculate Reaction Rates") that is available from the lab homepage that details the calculation of these rates.

4 Figures 1.x-axis: Time*pH y-axis: Absorbance 2.x-axis: Time*Temp. y-axis: Absorbance 3.x-axis: pH y-axis: Rxn rate 4.x-axis: Temp. y-axis: Rxn rate

Lab report 1 (50 points) Refer to Appendix A - pp guidelines for writing a core lab report.Refer to Appendix A - pp guidelines for writing a core lab report. Ecology has all journal articles prior to 1996 on-line. has all journal articles prior to 1996 on-line.

Figures These take some time to get right.These take some time to get right. Pay close attention to format.Pay close attention to format.

All lab reports will be submitted to me AND Turnitin.com ON TIME!!! Attached to hard copy will be 4 hand drawn figures and signed academic honesty form.

Four graphs for this lab report:Four graphs for this lab report: 2 figures (Absorbance vs. time) 2 figures (Absorbance vs. time) temperature vs. timetemperature vs. time pH vs. timepH vs. time 2 figures (RR vs. Tº/pH) 2 figures (RR vs. Tº/pH) Reaction rate vs temperatureReaction rate vs temperature Reaction rate vs. pHReaction rate vs. pH Best fit curve for each set of dataBest fit curve for each set of data

For this first report, ALL FIGURES MUST BE DONE BY HAND (not by computer). In the future, you may use computer generated figures

(5) English (3) Spelling, grammar, clarity (2) Format (1) Title (6) Abstract (12) Introduction (8) Background info (4) Hypotheses (6) Materials and Methods (4) Experimental design and materials (2) Data collection and analysis (8) Results (4) Tables and figures (2) Stats (2) Text (10) Discussion (8) Interpretation of data (2) Alternative hypothesis/sources of error (2) Literature cited (1) All references cited in the text (1) All references in text are cited

For next class Quiz Bring charts to class or my office hours for me to look over! Read Ch 9 & 10 and “Animal Taxa” worksheet Bring dissection kits!