Nationalist Movements In Africa and the Middle East Bell Work #2 Karen purchased a antique vase for her friend who is in seattle which had came form italy

Movements for Change in Africa During the early 1900s, more and more Africans felt the impact of colonial rule. In Kenya and Rhodesia, for example, white settlers forced Africans off the best land. During the early 1900s, more and more Africans felt the impact of colonial rule. In Kenya and Rhodesia, for example, white settlers forced Africans off the best land. British made all Africans carry identification cards and restricted where they could live or travel. British made all Africans carry identification cards and restricted where they could live or travel. Everywhere, Africans were forced to work on European run plantations or in mines to earn money to pay taxes. Farmers who had dept their land had to grow cash crops. Everywhere, Africans were forced to work on European run plantations or in mines to earn money to pay taxes. Farmers who had dept their land had to grow cash crops. Also, land converted to cash crops no longer produced food, which led to famines in some regions. Also, land converted to cash crops no longer produced food, which led to famines in some regions.

Resistance Opposition to imperialism grew among Africans. Resistance took many forms. Those who had lost their lands to Europeans sometimes squatted, or settled illegally, on white owned plantations. In cities they formed unions. Opposition to imperialism grew among Africans. Resistance took many forms. Those who had lost their lands to Europeans sometimes squatted, or settled illegally, on white owned plantations. In cities they formed unions. Many western educated Africans criticized the injustice of imperial rule. Although they had trained for professional careers, the best jobs went to Europeans. Many western educated Africans criticized the injustice of imperial rule. Although they had trained for professional careers, the best jobs went to Europeans.

Protests Protests were common, in Kenya, the kikuyu protested the loss of their land, forced labor, heavy taxes, and the hated identification. The British jailed the Kikuyu leaders, but protests continued. Protests were common, in Kenya, the kikuyu protested the loss of their land, forced labor, heavy taxes, and the hated identification. The British jailed the Kikuyu leaders, but protests continued. South Africa- Between 1910 and 1940, whites strengthened their grip on South Africa. They imposed a system of racial segregation that became known as apartheid. Their goal was to ensure White economic power. New laws, for example, restricted better paying jobs in mines to whites only. South Africa- Between 1910 and 1940, whites strengthened their grip on South Africa. They imposed a system of racial segregation that became known as apartheid. Their goal was to ensure White economic power. New laws, for example, restricted better paying jobs in mines to whites only.

South Africa Educated blacks who owned property had been allowed to vote in local elections. In 1936, the government abolished that right. Educated blacks who owned property had been allowed to vote in local elections. In 1936, the government abolished that right. Yet, African Christian churches and African run newspapers demanded rights for black South Africans. Yet, African Christian churches and African run newspapers demanded rights for black South Africans. In 1912, African national Congress (ANC) worked through legal means, protesting laws that restricted the freedom of black Africans. Still this had no effect on the white government, but the ANC was able to build a framework for late political action In 1912, African national Congress (ANC) worked through legal means, protesting laws that restricted the freedom of black Africans. Still this had no effect on the white government, but the ANC was able to build a framework for late political action

Growing Self Confidence 1920s a movement known as Pan Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world. Among its most inspiring leaders was Jamaican born Marcus Garvey. He preached a forceful message of “Africa for Africans” and demanded an end to colonial rule. 1920s a movement known as Pan Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world. Among its most inspiring leaders was Jamaican born Marcus Garvey. He preached a forceful message of “Africa for Africans” and demanded an end to colonial rule.

Egypt African nationalism brought little political change, except to Egypt. African nationalism brought little political change, except to Egypt. Egyptians had been forced to provide food and workers to help Britain. Simmering resistance to British rule flared as the war ended. Egyptians had been forced to provide food and workers to help Britain. Simmering resistance to British rule flared as the war ended. Western education officials, peasants landowners, Christians, and Muslims united being the Wafd party, which launched strikes and riots. In 1922, the British finally agreed to declare Egypt independent. Western education officials, peasants landowners, Christians, and Muslims united being the Wafd party, which launched strikes and riots. In 1922, the British finally agreed to declare Egypt independent.

Modernization in Turkey and Iran Nationalism brought immense changes to the Middle East. Nationalism brought immense changes to the Middle East. Ataturk- Led by the determined and energetic Mustafa Kemal, Turkish nationalist over threw the sultan defeated western occupation forces, and declared Turkey a republic. Kiemal late took the name Ataturk, meaning “father of the Turks.” Ataturk- Led by the determined and energetic Mustafa Kemal, Turkish nationalist over threw the sultan defeated western occupation forces, and declared Turkey a republic. Kiemal late took the name Ataturk, meaning “father of the Turks.”

Westernization He discarded the Muslim calendar in favor of the western (Christian) calendar and moved the day of rest from Friday, traditional with Muslims, to Sunday, in line with Christian practice. He discarded the Muslim calendar in favor of the western (Christian) calendar and moved the day of rest from Friday, traditional with Muslims, to Sunday, in line with Christian practice. Ataturk forced his people to wear western dress. He replaced Arabic script with the western alphabet, stating it was easier to learn. He closed religious schools but opened thousands of state schools to prepare young Turks for the challenges of modern society. Ataturk forced his people to wear western dress. He replaced Arabic script with the western alphabet, stating it was easier to learn. He closed religious schools but opened thousands of state schools to prepare young Turks for the challenges of modern society. Other reforms transformed the lives of women. They no longer had to veil their faces and were allowed to vote. Other reforms transformed the lives of women. They no longer had to veil their faces and were allowed to vote. Ataturk also, helped industry expand. He built roads and railroads, set up factories, and hired westerners to advise on how to make Turkey economically independent. Ataturk also, helped industry expand. He built roads and railroads, set up factories, and hired westerners to advise on how to make Turkey economically independent.

Nationalism and Reform in Iran Ataturk's reforms inspired nationalists in neighboring Iran. Ataturk's reforms inspired nationalists in neighboring Iran. Like Ataturk, Reza Khan rushed to modernize Iran and make it fully independent. He built factories, roads, and railroads and strengthened the army. He, too, adopted the western alphabet, forced Iranians to wear western clothing and set up modern, secular schools. Like Ataturk, Reza Khan rushed to modernize Iran and make it fully independent. He built factories, roads, and railroads and strengthened the army. He, too, adopted the western alphabet, forced Iranians to wear western clothing and set up modern, secular schools.

Promises in Palestine Since Roman times, Jews had dreamed of returning to Palestine. In 1897, Theodor Herzl responded to growing anti Semitism in Europe by founding the modern Zionist movement which was a movement to rebuild the Jewish state in Palestine. Since Roman times, Jews had dreamed of returning to Palestine. In 1897, Theodor Herzl responded to growing anti Semitism in Europe by founding the modern Zionist movement which was a movement to rebuild the Jewish state in Palestine. During WWI, the Allies made two vague sets of promises. First, they promised Arabs their won kingdoms in former Ottoman lands, including Palestine. Then, in 1917, the British issued the Balfour Declaration to win support of European Jews. Britain supported the idea of setting up “a national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine. During WWI, the Allies made two vague sets of promises. First, they promised Arabs their won kingdoms in former Ottoman lands, including Palestine. Then, in 1917, the British issued the Balfour Declaration to win support of European Jews. Britain supported the idea of setting up “a national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine.