Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. PowerPoint Presentations for Psychology The Science of Behavior Seventh Edition Neil R. Carlson, Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth, John W. Donahoe, and G. Neil Martin Prepared by Linda Fayard Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Chapter 1 The Science of Psychology

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Lecture Preview 1.What Is Psychology? 2.The Growth of Psychology as a Science 3.Major Trends in the Development of Psychology

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon What Is Psychology? Psychology is the scientific study of the causes of behavior.  Why Behavior Is Studied? To understand human behavior To explain what people do what they do  Fields of Psychology Scientists Practitioners

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Areas of Psychological Research  Physiological  Comparative  Behavior Genetics  Cognitive Psychology  Cognitive Neuroscience  Developmental  Social  Personality  Evolutionary  Cross-cultural  Clinical

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Question: Why Do People Play Games?  Physiological  What events happen in the brain when people play games?  Comparative Psychology  Do animals other than people play games?  Cognitive Psychology  What types of strategies do people use when playing games?

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Question: Why Do People Play Games?  Cognitive Neuroscience  What brain injuries interfere with game playing?  Developmental Psychology  How does play change across the lifespan?

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Question: Why Do People Play Games?  Social  What kinds of cues affect the types of games that people will play with each other?  Personality  Are there certain types of people who are more or less likely to play games?

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Question: Why Do People Play Games?  Cross-cultural  Do people raised in different cultures play similar games?  Clinical  What effects does play have upon our mental health?

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Applied Psychology  Clinical neuropsychologist  What behavioral consequences result from a disease or trauma, and how can they be remedied?  Health Psychologist  What behavior and lifestyle choices maintain health and prevent illness?

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Applied Psychology  School Psychologist  What strategies can be used to treat problems (e.g., poor learning, violence, substance abuse, shyness) in schools?  Consumer Psychologist  What motivates the consumer to purchase products?

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Applied Psychology  Community Psychologist  How can social systems be improved in a way that is beneficial?  Organizational Psychologist  What interventions will improve productivity and job satisfaction?

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Applied Psychology  Engineering Psychologist  What features will facilitate the useability of a computer or digital camera?  Forensic Psychologist  Was the accused mentally competent at the time of the crime?

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon How is Psychology Used?  Law Enforcement  Constructing facial drawings from eyewitness reports  Rehabilitative Medicine  Design of artificial limbs for amputees

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Growth of Psychology as a Science  Philosophical Roots of Psychology  Biological Roots of Psychology

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Rise of Psychology as a Science Philosophical roots of psychology:  René Descartes ( ): Dualist  Rationalist  John Locke ( ): Monist  Empiricist  James Mill ( ): Materialist

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Growth of Psychology as a Science Biological roots of psychology:  Johannes Müller ( ): doctrine of specific nerve energies  Pierre Flourens ( ): experimental ablation  Paul Broca ( ): localization of speech production

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Applications in Education and Therapy  Producing Change through Education (early 1800’s) : emphasis on causal factors that produce change  Thorndike’s “Law of Effect”: universal principle by which habits might be learned  Montessori Method: children mature through stages

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Applications in Education and Therapy  Producing Change through Psychotherapy  Pinel – Father of psychiatry  Mental Illness Social Causes Therapies

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Major Trends in the Development of Psychology  Structuralism  Functionalism  Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory  Psychology in Transition  Behaviorism  Humanistic Psychology  Reaction against Behaviorism: The Emphasis on Cognition  Reaction against Behaviorism: The Emphasis on Neurobiology

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Major Trends in the Development of Psychology Early years:  Structuralism: Wundt  Father of Psychology, Introspection  Functionalism: Darwin, James  Biological emphasis  Psychodynamic theory: Freud  Emphasis on unconscious and biological drives

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Major Trends in the Development of Psychology Psychology in transition:  Experimental emphasis: Baldwin, Calkins  Behaviorism: Thorndike, Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Washburn  Emphasis on observable behavior  Humanistic psychology: Rogers  Reaction against behaviorism and Freud  Emphasis on choice and positive growth

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Major Trends in the Development of Psychology Reaction against Behaviorism: The Emphasis on Cognition  Gestalt psychology: Wertheimer  Emphasis on organization of cognitive processes  Cognitive psychology: Kosslyn  Emphasis on information processing The Emphasis on Neurobiology: Hebb  Biologists who study the nervous system