Pharmacy history

Pharmacy in ancient times It was practiced in prehistoric times as people used the water, plants and earth around them for soothing compresses on wounds and ailments. As civilization dawned in ancient Mesopotamia (2600 B.C.), Babylonian healing practitioners combined the responsibilities of priest, physician, and pharmacist, some oldest pharmacy records are found in Sumerian clay cuneiform tablets that date about 200 B.C.

Pharmacy in ancient times An ancient china (circa 200 B.C), legend tells that emperor Shen Nung investigated the medical properties of hundreds of herbs, and he recorded 365 native herbal drugs Retailers of drugs were concentrated on certain street in Babylon by 2111 B.C

Pharmacy in ancient times Egyptian priest, prepared medicines. The Ebers papyrus dates from B.C. it contains 800 prescriptions using 700 drugs, of particular note in the papyrus is inclusion of quantities of substances. Many modern dosage forms are referred to in the Ebers papyrus (gargles, snuffs, inhalations, lotions, ointments…..)

Pharmacy in ancient times Ancient Greece lived the father of botany, Theophrastus (300 B.C), his observations about the medicinal qualities of herbs have proven uncannily accurate Hippocrates of Cos formulated the theory of the four human that parallel the four elements (air- blood, water- phlegm, earth-black bile, fire- yellow bile) He surmised that disease was caused by an imbalance of these bad humors

Pharmacy in ancient times Ancient Rome, Galen (A.D ). Developed principles of preparing and compounding medicinal agents and the word Galenicals is stilled used to refer to medicinal agents derived from natural sources that are prepared mechanically. Sought to restore humeral balances within a patient by the use of medicine of opposing qualities.

Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages Pharmaceutical knowledge and the number of drugs available grew considerably during the Middle Ages, thanks primarily to the Arabic world. Pharmacy as a separate activity began to develop and privately owned pharmacies were established in Islamic lands. First known apothecary shop was opened in Baghdad in the 18 th century, and the Muslims carried this concept into Europe during wars and other excursions into Africa, Spain, southern France

Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages Ibn Sina (circa )- Avicenna- intellectual giant, he was a physician, poet, philosopher, diplomat, companion of Persian princes and rulers His Canon Medicinae brought together the best knowledge of the Greeks and Arabs into a single medical text

Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages German emperor Frederick II issued an edict in about 1240 that legally separated pharmacy from medicine in southern Italy and Sicily. Known as the Magna Carta of Pharmacy, the edict contained three decrees: 1- The pharmaceutical profession was to be separated from the medical profession 2- The pharmaceutical profession should be supervised officially 3- pharmacists should take an oath to prepare drugs reliably, according to skilled art, and in a uniform suitable quality.

The Renaissance: Pharmacists Flourished Too Following the middle ages, many parts of European society Re- examined the Greek and roman tents The Swiss physician Parcelsus ( ) introduce two ideas : 1- disease might be localized in a specific organ 2-some plants contained minute quantities of active chemical Emerging of professional associations of pharmacists

The Renaissance: Pharmacists Flourished Too In England, Pharmacist was under jurisdiction of Guild of grocers, which monopolized the drug and spice trade King James I granted a charter recognizing the society of apothecaries of London Other contemporaries in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries believed that disease was produced through an Imbalance of acid and alkaline substances in the body.

The Renaissance: Pharmacists Flourished Too The theory of iatrochemistry held that food was transformed by saliva and by a ferment secreted by the pancreas and that blood was made life-giving through ferments from the gall bladder and lymph glands. Homeopathy, or treatment of disease with substances that produced similar symptoms as did the disease, also has its origins in the Renaissance period.

Pharmacy in the united state: the early days With the Increased recognition and application of the scientific method in the 1700s, modern pharmacy emerged. Progress in organic, inorganic chemistry, immunology, and chemotherapy began to change pharmacy from empirically based profession to a knowledge based one

Pharmacy in the united state: the early days 4 types of pharmacist could be found in the Americas by the 18 th century: the dispensing physician, the apothecary shop, the general store, and the wholesale druggist. Dispensing physicians became less and less common, dying out around the end of the nineteenth century.

Pharmacy in the united state: the nineteenth century In 1820 an important meeting took place in the senate chambers of the U.S Capitol in Washington. 1800s states were issuing licenses to apothecaries 1 st licenses to apothecaries was south Carolina 1821 the Philadelphia college of pharmacy (PCP) was founded, 1 st pharmacy organization in the united states, other schools followed quickly

Pharmacy in the united state: the nineteenth century Begin manufacturing And selling chemical in the late 1700s, this was the basis of establishing pharmaceutical companies World was changing from agriculturally based economy to an industry based one and pharmacy found itself caught in this shift. Manufacturing of some drugs using newly discovered principles of chemistry

Pharmacy in the united state: the nineteenth century Koch’s postulates had clearly proven the Microbial basis of many disease The Smallpox vaccine of Jenner was proving that one could be made immune to the ravages of infectious disease. Isolation of drug morphine from opium by Friedrich Sertarner.

Pharmacy in the united state: the nineteenth century In the later half of the nineteenth century, pharmacy apprentices with several years’ experience in apothecary shops would attend school for a limited amount of time before coming licensed pharmacist

Pharmacy in the united state: the nineteenth century A physician chemist at the university of Michigan changed that. Albert Perscott believed that the scientific foundation of pharmacy should be laid first through didactic educational programs and only then should the student attempt to learn the practical side of the trade through an apprenticeship. Prescott went up against organized pharmacy with his beliefs and for it He was rejected as a delegate at the 1871 AphA convention in St. Louis but time proved him right!

Twentieth century pharmacy: a business or a profession … if the preparation of medicine is taken from the apothecary and he becomes merely the dispenser of them, his business is shorn of half its dignity and importance, and he relapses into a simple shopkeeper” W. Procter, chief problem for 20 th century More and more products were produced ready to dispense, pharmaceutical industry become stronger

Twentieth century pharmacy: a business or a profession Problems with adulteration and quackery caused the united states congress to pass the pure food and drug act in In Germany, new discoveries in organic chemistry were making possible the increased rational design of drugs

Twentieth century pharmacy: a business or a profession After world war II, the military had an urgent need for penicillin, which had lain dormant in Fleming's laboratory for 10 years. The technology, scientific knowledge and need were present all at once and post-world war II pharmaceutical industry began producing drugs that were much more powerful and specific than those available previously.

Twentieth century pharmacy: a business or a profession The art of compounding rapidly become less important. The knowledge about the drugs, their mechanisms of actions, and their side effects become much more complicated.

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