Wildlife Values Commercial Recreational Biological Scientific, philosophical, & educational Aesthetic Social Undiscovered or undeveloped Negative

Commercial Wildlife Values Income (part of economic value) –Selling or trading wildlife or their parts –Conducting business based on access to wildlife Meat, fur, etc. Guides, sporting goods stores, motels, etc. Leases & fee hunting

Recreational Wildlife Values Pleasure, adventure, & advanced physical & mental condition from wildlife activities –Hunting, photography, bird watching, etc.

Biological Wildlife Values Contribution of wildlife to healthy ecosystems –Stability –Pollination, seed dispersal, soil tillage, nutrient transport, etc. Thinking like a mountain

Biological Wildlife Values Civilization is a state of mutual and interdependent cooperation between human animals, other animals, plants, and soils, which may be disrupted at any moment by the failure of any of them. A. Leopold

Scientific, Philosophical, & Educational Wildlife Values Studies (scientific & philosophical) –Understand ecology, physiology, behavior, etc. & ourselves –Baseline information Use information in classrooms to educate –Conservation

Aesthetic Wildlife Values As objects of beauty, historical significance, or as part of literature, poetry, art, & music –Human communication & expression –Cultural importance Indigenous peoples

Social Wildlife Values Any benefits that have a positive affect on the community as a whole –More income, less stress, increased physical & mental health –Overlap with others –Indigenous peoples & cultures

Undiscovered or Undeveloped Wildlife Values Unknown –Medicine, foods, etc. Antler Gall bladder

Negative Wildlife Values Cost of wildlife damage or its prevention –Deer, wolf, Lyme disease, collisions, etc.

Economics of Wildlife Florida (National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, & Wildlife Associated Recreation-U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2012) –242,000 Hunters spent $720,190,000 (↑) $2,976/hunter/year –4,308,000 Wildlife Watchers spent $3,041,333,000 (↑) $706/person/year Over 3 Billion dollars spent in 2011!

Economics of Wildlife U.S. (National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, & Wildlife Associated Recreation-U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2012) –13,700,000 Hunters spent $33,700,000,000 (↑ 9%) $2,484/hunter/year –71,800,000 Wildlife Watchers spent $54,900,000,000 (↑ 9%) $766/person/year Over 88 Billion dollars spent in 2011!

Economics of Wildlife U.S. (AFWA 2007) –12.5 million hunters –$725 million/yr in license sales –$280 million/yr in P-R funds generated –$300 million in conservation donations –$9.2 billion/yr in paid taxes –$24.7 billion/yr in retail spending Overall economic impact of $66 billion & ~600,000 jobs in 2006!

Economics of Wildlife Non-consumptive uses –Ecotourism A conservation tool or problem? (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

Economics of Wildlife Non-consumptive uses –Wildlife Viewing in the United States (Outdoor Industry Foundation 2007) 66 million participants Supports 467,000 jobs Generates 2.7 billion in taxes Economic impact of $42 billion/yr

Economics of Wildlife Consumptive uses: Wildlife –Farming Wildlife Fur, meat, musk, antlers, milk, & trophies Red deer, bison, white-tailed deer New Zealand: 1.8 million deer (80% red deer) on 4,000 farms (1/2 worlds farmed deer) yielded $144,523,400 in 2003 –38,000,000+ lbs venison –388,000+ lbs velvet antler –565,000 hides –105,000 m 2 leather –2,800,000+ lbs co-products (sinews, blood, other) $ /lb of antler Higher quality meat, often less environmental impact, but social problems in U.S.

Economics of Wildlife Consumptive uses: Wildlife –Hunting Value of each species ($ spent/animal harvested) –$11,000+/CO bighorn sheep –$250+/pronghorn –$6,500+/black bear –$800+/mule deer (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

Economics of Wildlife Consumptive uses: Wildlife –Hunting: Livestock vs. Wildlife 10-50% more $/acre from wildlife than livestock –Cows, deer, hogs »Individually or combined »Florida leases: $4-18/acre/year »TX leases: more Improves habitat for all wildlife

Economics of Wildlife Consumptive uses: Wildlife –Hunting Harvest fees ($) at private Florida ranches –White-tailed deer: $500-3,500+ –Elk: $3,500-8,000+ –Feral Hogs: $ Helps other wildlife & habitat (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

Economics of Wildlife Consumptive uses: Wildlife –Sport Hunting? Harvest fees ($) of safari companies in South Africa (Furniss 1991) –Ostrich: $ –Rhino: $25,000-30,000 –Zebra: $ –Kudu: $ –Giraffe: $1,000-2,500 (U.S Fish & Wildlife Service)

Economics of Wildlife Consumptive uses: Wildlife –2011 Hunting 13,700,000 Hunters spent $33,700,000,000 –$2,484/hunter/year –If hunting was a business it would be in the Fortune 500 top 50!

Economics/Costs of Wildlife If hunting were lost as wildlife management tools in the U.S. (IAFWA 2005) –An additional 50,000 injuries & 50 deaths from wildlife-auto interactions (= 297,000 injuries and 250 deaths total) $3.8 billion in auto repair costs –Governments would need to spend Up to $9.3 billion/yr to control deer –Loss of revenue from hunting licenses & PR$

Wildlife Values Kellert (1996) ValueDescription NaturalisticFocus on direct exposure and contact with large mammals ScientificFocus on knowledge and study of large mammals AestheticFocus on physical attraction and appeal of large mammals UtilitarianFocus on material and practical benefits of large mammals HumanisticFocus on emotional affection and attachment to large mammals DominionisticFocus on mastery and control of large mammals MoralisticFocus on moral and spiritual importance of large mammals NegativisticFocus on fear and aversion of large mammals SymbolicFocus on metaphorical and figurative significance of large mammals