Why the German Gamble Failed: Selective Service Act: 3 million drafted - 2 million sent; African- American troops segregated War Industries Board: consumer goods to war supplies

Why the German Gamble Failed: Food Administration Herbert Hoover: eat corn instead of wheat, meatless days, etc; sacrifice “Victory Gardens”

Americans React to the War Committee on Public Information - George Creel Propaganda Propaganda Media/Government - promote war & patriotism Media/Government - promote war & patriotism

“Super Americanism” Discrimination: German Americans (fired from jobs, beat up) Discrimination: German Americans (fired from jobs, beat up) Patriotism: Sauerkraut, Hamburger, Frankfurter, German Measles Patriotism: Sauerkraut, Hamburger, Frankfurter, German Measles Changed - Liberty Lettuce, Salsbury Steak, Hot Dog, Liberty Measles Changed - Liberty Lettuce, Salsbury Steak, Hot Dog, Liberty Measles Espionage and Sedition Acts (1918): Espionage and Sedition Acts (1918): Prohibits speaking out against the war/government Prohibits speaking out against the war/government Violates 1st Amendment Violates 1st Amendment Schenck v. United States (1919) - Free Speech can be limited when it represents a “clear and present danger”

“Over There” Americans Tip the Balance of Power Gen. John J. Pershing (“Black Jack”): Commander - AEF U.S. troops fresh – Supplies are plentiful – Germany Exhausted Summer 1918 British, French, American troops stop German advance on W. Front Push them back (Second Battle of the Marne, St. Mihiel, Belleau Wood)

11/11/1918 – Armistice Day

11/11/18 Toll of the War  Total deaths approx. 26 million (1/2 civilians)  20 million wounded  10 million refugees  $350 Billion  Armenian Genocide- 1.5 million killed by the Turks  110,000 Americans die in less than one year of fighting- 60,000 from the flu.  Americans tip the balance- Wilson calls for “Peace with Honor” based upon his 14 Points

The Lost Generation “Had we returned home in 1916, out of the suffering and the strength of our experiences we might have unleashed a storm. Now if we go back we will be weary, broken, burnt out, rootless, and without hope. We will not be able to find our way any more.” - Erich Maria Remarque - All Quiet on the Western Front iet+on+the+western+front+%22had+we+returned%22&source=bl&ots=Y- JlNhqppo&sig=-80zvLJ1bChBbJ6TnvMeQILdKaQ&hl=en&ei=Rli4TOycIoOdlgfBq- XrDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAQ iet+on+the+western+front+%22had+we+returned%22&source=bl&ots=Y- JlNhqppo&sig=-80zvLJ1bChBbJ6TnvMeQILdKaQ&hl=en&ei=Rli4TOycIoOdlgfBq- XrDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAQ iet+on+the+western+front+%22had+we+returned%22&source=bl&ots=Y- JlNhqppo&sig=-80zvLJ1bChBbJ6TnvMeQILdKaQ&hl=en&ei=Rli4TOycIoOdlgfBq- XrDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAQ

The Fourteen Points: Wilson’s plan for peace GOAL: Eliminate the causes of the War GOAL: Eliminate the causes of the War Open Diplomacy... Open Diplomacy... Free Trade... Free Trade... Arms Reduction... Arms Reduction... Right to Self-Determination... Right to Self-Determination... Freedom of the Seas... Freedom of the Seas... Europeans only accept The League of Nations Europeans only accept The League of Nations

Complications at Versailles 1. Wilson Refused to take major Republican leader with him to the Paris peace talks 2. Wilson went to Paris very idealistic – goal was to create world peace Europeans wanted to punish Germany and divide up its territory. Europeans wanted to punish Germany and divide up its territory. Peace talks drag on for months- British Blockade continues- Thousands more starve in Germany. Peace talks drag on for months- British Blockade continues- Thousands more starve in Germany.

Redrawing the Map Treaty of Versailles – New Nations & Resentment 1. Germany  gained territory from Russia (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) was taken by the Allies: made into new nations:  Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland (Danzig Corridor divides Germany)  Creates bitter resentment in Germany- they had won the war on the Eastern Front, but it all gets taken away at Versailles. 2. Austria-Hungary  Nations created - Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia  Nations that are given the Right to Self-Determination (One of Wilson’s 14 Points) are territories formerly held by the Central Powers.

Peace Without Honor Germany’s Reaction Germany’s Reaction German leaders were not allowed to attend Paris peace talks German leaders were not allowed to attend Paris peace talks held in a house surrounded by barbed wire held in a house surrounded by barbed wire expected a treaty based on the 14 points- “Peace with Honor” expected a treaty based on the 14 points- “Peace with Honor” Treaty of Versailles – Sows the Seeds of World War II Treaty of Versailles – Sows the Seeds of World War II 1.Article 231- Germany must accept full responsibility for the war 2.Took away German colonies, coal, fields, steel industry, Alsace & Lorraine 3.Reduced German army and navy (NO SUBS) 4.Forced Germany to pay $33 billion in war reparations- destroys the German economy 5. Rumor spreads in Germany that the military was “Stabbed in the Back.” Senate Rejects Treaty of Versailles Senate Rejects Treaty of Versailles 1. United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles 2. Article X of the League of Nations (mutual protection clause) was the basis for rejection. Senate felt it was unconstitutional because Article X would restrict America from making foreign policy decisions. 3. Other Senators felt the treaty was too harsh.