Byzantine Empire: Justinian

Justinian Code The Code: 5,000 Roman laws reviewed & edited.

Iconoclastic Controversy Icon is from the Greek word “eikon” which means “portrait”. Icons are holy pictures of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, and the saints. Some Byzantines believed that icons were a form of idol worship and should be suppressed.

Iconoclastic Controversy 703 Emperor Leo III outlawed the worship of icons. 843 Byzantium gave up efforts to suppress icon worship. The western Church, due to its general illiteracy, considered visual images essential to the teachings of Christianity. The Pope declared oppostion to icons a heresy. Violators would be excommunicated. The Christian church finally splits in The church in the west becomes the Roman Catholic Church. The Church in the East becomes known as the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Present Day Icons Bathtub Jesus Bathtub Jesus Touchdown Jesus

Pope controlled Church affairs People accepted pope’s claim to authority over all Christians Clergy prohibited from marrying Latin was language of the Church Christmas was main holy day Use of holy images permitted. Byzantine emperor controlled Church affairs (caesarpapism) People rejected pope’s claim to authority over all Christians Clergy kept right to marry Greek was language of the Church Easter was main holy day Emperor outlawed the use of icons, or holy images Western European Christianity Roman Catholic Church Byzantine Christianity Orthodox Church 1054 – Differences between east and west provoked a schism, or permanent split, between the Eastern (Greek) Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church. Christianity in East and West 1

The Great Schism Refers to the split between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. The “filioque clause” was, and still is, a controversy in the church in relation to the Holy Spirit. “From whom did the Holy Spirit proceed (begin), the Father, or the Father and the Son?” The word filioque means “and son” in Latin.

Patriarchs of Christianity Roman Catholic Pope The Pentarchy Constantinople Rome Alexandria Antioch Jerusalem

Great Schism Roman Catholic Father Son The Holy Spirit is from both the Father and the Son equally. Proceed: "to move forward“, not indicating a starting point. Eastern Orthodox Father Son Holy Spirit The Holy Spirit is the Spirit of the uncreated Father (God). Proceed: "to issue forth as from an origin“. Holy Spirit The Holy Spirit’s presence within us enables us to understand and interpret God’s Word.

It was the current Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Bartholomew I — known as the "first among equals in the Orthodox church" — who asked Francis to join him in Jerusalem. Pope Francis meets Bartholomew I, the first ecumenical patriarch to attend the installation of a pope since 1054, at the Vatican on March 20, 2013.

The Mongols Invade Russia Tartars conquered Russian cities during the 13 th century and left Russian church and aristocracy intact, as long as tribute was paid.

Hagia Sophia

Cyril and Methodius The Cyrillic Alphabet was named for St. Cyril, although there is some dispute as to whether this is the alphabet he invented or not. Cyril was a Greek monk who, with Methodius, brought written language to Christian converts in the mid-9th century (c.860) in what is now Russia. The Cyrillic alphabet is closely based on the Greek alphabet, with about a dozen additional letters invented to represent Slavic sounds not found in Greek.

Kievan Rus Begun by invasion of Viking tribes – also known as Slavs – from north of the Baltic. Both trade partner and sometime enemy of the Byzantine Empire.

Kievan Rus

Viking Invasions

Kiev

Constantinople Kiev

Rulers of the Kievan Rus Vladimir I (980) (980) Vladimir I (980) Vladimir I – Extremely war-like ruler of Kiev. Invited missionaries from Judaism, Islam and Christianity to offer reasons for conversion. Married the Byzantine emperor’s sister. Brought Christianity and Greco-Roman civilization to Russia.

Rulers of the Kievan Rus Yaroslav I (1010 – 1054) Created a Russian law code based on Justinian’s Code: Pravda Russkaia. Instituted a Golden Age of Kievan Russia. Built churches and a new capital city. Allied Russia with the rest of Europe by marrying his children to European rulers.

Early Byzantine Influences: Orthodox Christianity Religious artifacts included churches, icons, and liturgical music as expressed in Byzantine culture

Influenced by Byzantine Politics Russia adopted the concept of divinely inspired monarchy with close relations to state-controlled church Were unable to adopt the Byzantine trained bureaucracy however

Early Byzantine Influences: Cyrillic Alphabet Byzantine missionaries, Cyril and Methodius sent to convert eastern Europe and the Balkans created the script

Byzantine Influence on Russia Architecture –Onion Dome

Byzantine Influence on Russia Government –Autocracy –Czar (Tsar)

“Third Rome” Russians re-emerged after Mongol control ended in the 15 th century and claimed to be the successors of the Roman and Byzantine states Moscow was considered to be the “Third Rome”

Byzantine Influence on Russia G- Unified, but remained separate from Europe b/c of language and Mongol influence. - Rivers run to Black Sea (trade) Eastern Orthodox Christianity R- Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Cyril translated the Bible into Russian. A- Cathedrals, mosaics, murals, illuminated manuscript P- Strong central government. Pravda Russkaia Pravda Russkaia was the 1 st Russian law code (based on the Code of Justinian) Trade E- Trade w/ Byzantium and Vikings. S- Language and religion.

Rulers of the Kievan Rus Ivan the Great ( ) ( ) Ivan III ( ) Ivan III or Ivan the Great – absolute ruler. Took the title of czar Czar – Absolute ruler of Russia: from Roman word – Caesar Defeated the Mongols, who had gained control of Russia Extended Russian territory

The Mongol Empire

Mongol Expansion

Mongol Influence on Russia G- Served to link Russian with Asia/China. R- Russian Orthodox Church strengthened Church didn’t have to pay taxes anymore. Church bought land and grew A- Russian princes adopted Mongols’ weapons ictatorship! P- Dictatorship! Effective tax system (Moscow benefits) Census 1 st taken Court practices Military draft E- Linked economy to China (Silk Roads) S- Borrowed 1,000s of words and phrases

The Silks Roads

The Spread of the Plague

The Plague