The Beginnings of Modernization: Industrialization and Nationalism,

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Britain in the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Agricultural growth Population growth Able to produce goods cheaply Changes in Textile Production Flying shuttle James Hargreaves, spinning jenny, 1768 Edmund Cartwright, power loom, 1787 James Watt, rotary steam engine, 1782 Cotton textile production

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Industrialization of Europe

Technological Changes Iron Industry Railroad Richard Trevithick, steam-powered locomotive George Stephenson, Rocket, 1830 Ripple effect Prices of goods fall; markets grow larger; increased sales mean more factories and machinery; thus, self-sustaining The Industrial Factory Workers in shifts Workers come from rural areas Regulations

Spread of Industrialization Spread to Europe first Government role United States Internal transportation Labor

Limiting the Spread of Industrialization to the Rest of the World Russia was largely rural and agricultural ruled by an autocratic regime that preferred to keep peasants in serfdom India exported cotton cloth produced by hand labor Purchase British-made goods

Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution Population Growth and Urbanization European population 140 million in 1750 and 266 million by 1850 Decline of death rate Increased food supply Growth of cities Poor living conditions Sanitation poor

Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution (cont.’d) New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class New bourgeois Constructed the factories, purchased the machines, figured out where the markets were Reduce the barriers between themselves and the landed elite New Social Classes: The Industrial Working Class Poor working conditions Women and children Efforts at Change Socialism Utopian socialists

Key Moments in the History of Atlantic Revolutions 1776 – American Dec. of Independence 1783 – American Independence (Brit recognition) 1787 – US Constitution 1780s – Tupac Amaru Revolt in Peru 1789 – French Revolution – Haitian Revolution – French Terror 1799 – Napoleon’s Rise – High point of Napoleon’s Empire Hidalgo – Morales Rebellion in Mexico – Wars of Spanish American Independence 1815 – Final defeat of Napoleon 1822 – Independence of Brazil from Portugal

Independence and the Development of the National State in Latin America Nationalistic Revolts Enlightenment affects the creole class European control weakened by Napoleonic Wars Mexico Divisions within Mexico Augustin de Iturbide, first emperor of Mexico, 1821 South America José de San Martín ( ) Simón Bolívar ( )

Spanish-American Revolutions Creole intellectuals resented Spain’s exercise of greater power, heavier taxes & tariffs Became familiar with ideas related to Enlightenment thinking Popular sovereignty Republican government Personal liberty Little tradition of self-government in Spanish colonies More authoritarian More distinct class divisions Strict Catholicism Whites outnumbered by Native Americans, Africans, mixed raced people

Events in Europe impact Latin America 1808: Napoleon invades Spain and Portugal Spanish king deposed Portuguese royals in exile Leaves Latin America in disarray

Mexico Began as peasant insurrection in 1810: Miguel Hidalgo (priest) Wanted to destroy encomienda Freedom from Spanish rule Creole landowners with support of church, crushed the insurgency Jose Maria Morelos, a mestizo priest, took command Organized a government 1814 – declared Mexico independent & wrote constitution Met same fate as Hidalgo

Mexico… Officer in Spanish army: Agustin de Iturbide Appointed to crush revolutionary activity Aligned self with rebel leaders, conservatives, and church leaders 1822 – Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna overthrew emperor Became a national hero when defeating a Spanish army Ruled over a huge territory Key person in Mexican-American War (lost Texas & more territory)

South American Independence Movements Gran Colombia: Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, & Panama Bolivar: Creole educated in Europe Inspired by the Enlightenment Trained an army & defeated Spanish forces Regional differences split Gran Colombia Argentina & Chile: Jose de San Martin Creole dominated revolt Brazil & Uruguay: independence from Brazil

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Latin America in the Early Nineteenth Century

Difficulties of Nation Building Problems of independence Caudillos come to power Economic dependence Domination by the industrializing nations Source of raw materials and food for industrialized nations Domination by landed elites

Reaction and Revolution: The Growth of Nationalism Conservative Order Vienna peace settlement (Congress of Vienna), 1815 Concert of Europe Forces for Change Liberalism Protection of civil liberties Guaranteed by a document Right to vote to men of property only Nationalism Common institutions, traditions, language, and customs Each nationality should have a government Becomes a threat to the existing order

Ottoman control of the Balkans wanes Crimean War, Russians invaded Moldavia and Wallachia Ottoman Turks declare war, October, 4, 1853 Britain and France fear Russians would gain an advantage, declare war, March 28, 1854 The Crimean War Treaty of Paris, 1855 Crimean War destroyed the Concert of Europe Results of the war Nationalism in the Balkans

The Balkans in 1830

The Unification of Italy

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Ethnic groups within the Austrian Empire

Nationalism and Reform: Great Britain, France, the Austrian Empire, and Russia Great Britain Reform Act of 1832 Social and political reform in 1850s and 1860s France Louis Napoleon, Napoleon III ( ) Economic growth and development Reconstruction of Paris Opposition grew in 1860s Austria Problems of ethnic nationalism Ausgleich, Compromise of 1867 creates a Duel Empire Russia Tsar Alexander II ( ) Reforms

Growth of the United States Andrew Jackson ( ) Jacksonian democracy Slavery Cotton economy of the South Northern fear that slavery would spread Abraham Lincoln and secession Civil War ( ) War to save the Union Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863

Discussion Questions Why did the Industrial Revolution emerge in Britain first? How did nationalism and liberalism contribute to the Revolutions of 1848? Compare and contrast the process of national unification in Italy and Germany. Describe the attitude of the Romantics toward nature and history.