Introduction: DNA REPLICATION ________ Chromosomes in the original cell ________ Chromosomes after DNA replication Two cells; each with _______ Chromosomes Why is DNA called a nucleic acid? DNA Replication makes identical copes of the DNA in the nucleus Mitosis: The division of the DNA in the nucleus Cytokinesis: The division of the cytoplasm

Nucleotides: The Building Blocks of DNA 5 Carbon Sugar _______ _____ DNA and RNA are Nucleic Acids. They are composed of nucleotides Base

Bases A = Adenine T = Thymine G = Guanine C = Cytosine Two nucleotides Base Sugar Phosphate

The Bases PurinesPyrimidines GAGA CTCT ____ Hydrogen Bonds

GC TA AT GC CG TA GTAGCTGTAGCT CATCGACATCGA Original Strand New Strand New Strand DNA Replication is Semi conservative. What does this mean? Template DNA Replication

GC TA AT GC CG TA GTAGCTGTAGCT CATCGACATCGA Original Strand New Strand New Strand DNA Replication is Semiconservative. What does this mean? Template DNA Replication CATCGACATCGA GTAGCTGTAGCT ½ Old ½ New

The Enzyme ________________ is Required for DNA Replication

The Bases In Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Only in _____

DNA Versus RNA DNA is _________ stranded The 5C sugar in DNA is ________________ The 4 bases found in DNA are: 1.____________ 2.____________ 3.____________ 4.____________ RNA is __________ stranded The 5C sugar in RNA is ________________ The 4 bases found in RNA are: 1.____________ 2.____________ 3.____________ 4.____________

Protein Synthesis DNARNAProtein TranscriptionTranslation

Review: Proteins Proteins are composed of? The primary structure of a protein is its? The site of protein synthesis it the?

The RNA Dictionary

Sample Problem DNA: RNA: Protein TAC AAA CTA CCT ATA ACT ATA ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ ____ ____ The template codes for the RNA strand ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ ____ ____ *Note: The DNA template is the strand that codes for the RNA This strand does not code for RNA RNA Polymerase RNA Polymerase

Sample Problem DNA: RNA: Protein TAC AAA CTA CCT ATA ACT ATA ATG TTT GAT GGA TAT TGA TAT *The template The other half AUG UUU GAU GGA UAU UGA UAU Met Phe Asp Gly Tyr *Note: The DNA template is the strand that codes for the RNA RNA Polymerase

TACAAACCCAATTAACGAACGAAGGCCTGAATT ATGTTTGGGTTAATTGCTTGCTTCCGGACTTAA DNA Template for RNA Synthesis Complementary DNA Strand AUGUUUGGGUUAAUUGCUUGCUUCCGGACUUAA Transcription Remove Introns (Represented by bold bases) and splice Exons together before RNA leaves the nucleus Processed RNA with Introns removed Translation: Show the amino acid sequence of the protein Unprocessed RNA in the nucleus

Transfer RNA G C U Anticodon Amino acid attachment site C G A Codon on mRNA

Sample Problem mRNA: AUG UUU GAU AAG CCA UAA DNA: Finish the DNA the made the given RNA Finish drawing the tRNA’s for the codons indicated with red arrows Show the primary structure of the protein synthesized with the given mRNA DNA Template The other strand of the DNA molecule TAC ATG AAA TTT

Sample Problem mRNA: AUG UUU GAU AAG CCA UAA DNA:TAC AAA CTA TTC GGT ATT ATG TTT GAT AAG CCA TAA Met Pro U A C G G U Met Phe Asp Lys Pro The Protein

Sample Problem mRNA: AUG UUU GAU AAG CCA UAA DNA: Finish the DNA the made the given RNA Finish drawing the tRNA’s for the codons indicated with red arrows Show the primary structure of the protein synthesized with the given mRNA DNA Template The other strand of the DNA molecule TAC ATG AAA CTA TTC GGT ATT TTT GAG AAG GGA TAA U A C G G U MET PRO Methionine – Phenylananine - Aspartic acid - Lysine - Proline

Mutations Carcinogens For mutations to be passed to your offspring they must occur in what types of cells? –Examples:______________________________ Somatic Cells VersusGerm-line Cells Carcinogens typically affect what types of cells?___________________

Sickle Cell Anemoa

Summary The genetic code is universal Mutations can be harmful Mutations are a source of genetic variability The genetic code is a triplet code. Three bases code for one amino acid Substances that cause mutations are called mutagenic agents. Many mutagenic agents are also carcinogenic.