Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1What is a plant? Lesson 2Lesson 2Seedless Plants Lesson 3Lesson 3Seed Plants Chapter Wrap-Up

Lesson 1-1 Plants are multicellular. Some plants are microscopic, while others are some of the largest organisms on Earth. Characteristics of Plants (cont.) (c) Stephen DurrCORBIS

Lesson 1-2 A rigid cell wall made of cellulose surrounds the cell membrane in a plant cell. Plant Adaptations (cont.)

Lesson 1-2 Other plants such as grasses and trees have specialized tissues called vascular tissue. Vascular tissue is composed of tubelike cells that transport water and nutrients in some plants.Vascular tissue Plant Adaptations (cont.) Brand X Pictures/PunchStock

Lesson 1-3 Members of the plant kingdom are organized into groups called divisions. Like all organisms, each plant has a two-word scientific name. Plant Classification Sugar Maple Magnoliophyta (Flowering Plants) Acer saccharum imagebroker/Alamy

Lesson 1 - Now 1.All plants produce flowers and seeds. 2.Humans depend on plants for their survival. Do you agree or disagree?

Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC How are nonvascular and vascular seedless plants alike, and how are they different? Seedless Plants

Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab rhizoid frond Seedless Plants

Lesson 2-1 Many scientists refer to all nonvascular seedless plants as bryophytes. Because they lack vascular tissue, the bryophytes usually live in moist environments. Bryophytes do not have roots, stems, or leaves. Nonvascular Seedless Plants

Lesson 2-1 RhizoidsRhizoids are structures that anchor a nonvascular seedless plant to a surface.

Lesson 2-1 Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are bryophytes. Mosses, the most common bryophytes, are small, green plants that usually grow in shady, damp environments, but they are able to survive periods of dryness. Mosses have multicellular rhizoids and leaflike structures that grow on a stemlike structure called a stalk. Nonvascular Seedless Plants (cont.)

Lesson 2-2 Over 90 percent of plant species are vascular plants which contain vascular tissue in their stems, roots, and leaves. Vascular Seedless Plants

Lesson 2-2 The fronds, or leaves of ferns, make up most of a fern.fronds Ferns grow in a variety of habitats, including damp, swampy areas and dry, rocky cliffs. Vascular Seedless Plants (cont.) Steven P. Lynch

Lesson 2-2 Unlike mosses, club mosses have roots, stems, and leaves. Vascular Seedless Plants (cont.) Steven P. Lynch

Lesson 2-2 Horsetails have small leaves growing in circles around the stems. Horsetail stems are hollow, and the tissues contain silica, a mineral in sand, that makes them abrasive. Vascular Seedless Plants (cont.) S. Solum/PhotoLink/Getty Images

Lesson 2-2 Vascular Seedless Plants (cont.) How are nonvascular and vascular seedless plants alike? How are they different?

Lesson 2 - VS Many scientists refer to all nonvascular seedless plants as bryophytes. Because vascular plants contain tubelike structures that transport water and nutrients, these plants usually are larger than nonvascular plants. Humans use both vascular and nonvascular plants for many purposes.

Lesson 2 – LR1 A.bryophytes B.fronds C.rhizoids D.roots Which term refers to structures that anchor a nonvascular seedless plant to a surface?

Lesson 2 – LR2 A.bryophotes B.mosses C.nonvascular D.vascular Which term refers to over 90 percent of plant species?

Lesson 2 – LR3 A.bryophytes B.ferns C.mosses D.rhizoids Which term is one scientists use to refer to all nonvascular seedless plants?

Lesson 2 - Now 3.Some plants move water only by diffusion. 4.Mosses can grow only in moist, shady places. Do you agree or disagree?

Lesson 3 Reading Guide - KC What characteristics are common to seed plants? How do other organisms depend on seed plants? Seed Plants

Lesson 3 Reading Guide - KC How are gymnosperms and angiosperms alike, and how are they different? What adaptations of flowering plants enable them to survive in diverse environments? Seed Plants

Lesson 3 Reading Guide - Vocab cambium xylem phloem stoma Seed Plants

Lesson 3-1 There are two groups of seed plants—cone- bearing gymnosperms and flowering angiosperms. Characteristics of Seed Plants Steven P. Lynch Quarto, Inc./Photodisc/Getty Images

Lesson 3-1 All seed plants have vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant. They also have roots, stems, and leaves. Characteristics of Seed Plants (cont.)

Lesson 3-1 Characteristics of Seed Plants (cont.) What characteristics do all seed plants have in common?

Lesson 3-1 The two types of vascular tissue are xylem and phloem. Characteristics of Seed Plants (cont.) tissue Science Use a group of cells in an organism Common Use a piece of absorbent paper

Lesson 3-1 The cambium is a layer of tissue that produces new vascular tissue and grows between xylem and phloem.cambium One type of vascular tissue—xylem— carries water and dissolved nutrients from the roots to the stem and the leaves.xylem Characteristics of Seed Plants (cont.)

Lesson 3-1 xylem from Greek xylon, means “wood” Characteristics of Seed Plants (cont.)

Lesson 3-1 Two kinds of xylem cells are tracheids and vessel elements. All vascular plants have xylem that is composed of tracheids. Tracheid cells die at maturity, leaving a hollow tube that water can flow through freely. Characteristics of Seed Plants (cont.)

Lesson 3-1 Xylem in flowering plants also includes cells called vessel elements. The end of vessel elements have larger openings than those found in tracheid cells. Water can pass through easily. Characteristics of Seed Plants (cont.)

Lesson 3-1 Another type of vascular tissue— phloem—carries dissolved sugars throughout a plant. phloem Phloem is composed of two types of cells— sieve-tube elements and companion cells. Characteristics of Seed Plants (cont.)

Lesson 3-1 Sieve-tube elements are long, thin cells stacked end-to-end to form long tubes. A companion cell helps control the functions of the sieve-tube element. Characteristics of Seed Plants (cont.)

Lesson 3-1 Roots anchor a plant, either in soil or onto another plant or an object such as a rock. All root systems help a plant absorb water and other substance from the soil. Characteristics of Seed Plants (cont.)

Lesson 3-1 The part of a plant that connects its roots to its leaves is the stem. Stems support branches and leaves, and their vascular tissues transport water, minerals, and food. Plant stems are usually classified as either herbaceous, which are usually soft and green, or woody, which are stiff and typically not green. Characteristics of Seed Plants (cont.)

Lesson 3-1 Most leaves are the major site of photosynthesis for the plant. The top and bottom layers of a leaf are made of epidermal tissue. Characteristics of Seed Plants (cont.)

Lesson 3-1 Most leaves have a small opening in the epidermis called stomata.stomata Dr. Gerald Van Dyke/Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images

Lesson 3-1 When the stomata open, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor can pass through them. Characteristics of Seed Plants (cont.) Dr. Gerald Van Dyke/Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images

Lesson 3-1 Below the upper epidermis are rows of tightly packed cells called palisade mesophyll cells where photosynthesis mainly occurs. Characteristics of Seed Plants (cont.)

Lesson 3-2 In gymnosperms, seeds are produced in a cone. Different types of gymnosperms include conifers, cyads, ginkoes, and gnetophytes. Gymnosperms Siede Preis/Getty Images

Lesson 3-3 There are more than 260,000 species of flowering plants, or angiosperms. Almost all of the food eaten by humans comes from angiosperms or from animals that eat angiosperms. Angiosperms

Lesson 3-3 Angiosperms (cont.) How do other organisms depend on seed plants?

Lesson 3-3 Angiosperms produce seeds that are part of a fruit. Fruit grows from parts of a flower. All angiosperms produce flowers. Angiosperms (cont.) CORBIS

Lesson 3-3 Angiosperms (cont.) How are angiosperms and gymnosperms alike, and how are they different?

Lesson 3-3 Plants that grow, flower, and produce seeds in one growing season are called annuals. Angiosperms (cont.)

Lesson 3-3 Biennials complete their life cycles in two growing seasons. During the first year, the plant grows roots, stems and leaves. In the second growing season the plant produces new stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds. Angiosperms (cont.)

Lesson 3-3 Perennial plants, like trees and shrubs, can live for more than two growing seasons. Flowering plants are organized into two groups—monocots and dicots. These groups are based on the number of leaves in early development, or cotyledons, in a seed. Angiosperms (cont.)

Lesson 3-3

Angiosperms (cont.) What adaptations of flowering plants enable them to survive in diverse environments?

Lesson 3 - VS Angiosperms are flowering plants. Seed plant have many adaptations that enable them to survive in diverse environments. Seed plants have many uses.

Lesson 3 – LR1 A.cambium B.phloem C.stomata D.xylem Which refers to the vascular tissue that carries water and nutrients from the roots up the plant?

Lesson 3 – LR2 A.leaves B.roots C.stems D.xylem What plant part is usually classified as either herbaceous or woody?

Lesson 3 – LR3 A.roots B.leaves C.stems D.stomata Which plant part is the major site of photosynthesis?

Lesson 3 - Now 5.Some mosses and gymnosperms are used for commercial purposes. 6.All plants grow, flower, and produce seeds in one growing season. Do you agree or disagree?

Chapter Review Menu Key Concept Summary Interactive Concept Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice

The BIG Idea Different plant species have different adaptations that enable them to survive in most of the environments on Earth.

Key Concepts 1 Plants are multicellular producers composed of eukaryotic cells with cell walls composed of cellulose. Many plant cells have chloroplasts. Plants have developed adaptations, such as a cell wall for support, a cuticle to prevent water loss and to provide protection from insects, vascular tissue to transport materials, and numerous reproductive strategies, to survive in Earth’s changing environments. Member of the plant kingdom are classified into groups called divisions, which are equivalent to phyla in other kingdoms. Plants have two-word scientific names. Lesson 1: What is a plant?

Key Concepts 2 Lesson 2: Seedless Plants Vascular and nonvascular seedless plants are multicellular producers composed of eukaryotic cells. Nonvascular seedless plants usually are smaller than vascular seedless plants, lack vascular tissue, have rhizoids instead of roots to anchor them, and lack true stems or leaves.

Key Concepts 3 All seed plants make seeds and reproduce. Seed plants have leaves, stems, roots, and vascular tissue—xylem and phloem. Seed plants are important to other organisms for various reasons, including for food, for the addition of oxygen to the environment, and for commercial uses. Gymnosperms and angiosperms are both seed plants. Angiosperms produce flowers; gymnosperms do not. The seeds of angiosperms are surrounded by fruit. The seeds of gymnosperms are not surrounded by fruit. Flowering plants have adaptations that enable them to survive in diverse environments. Such adaptations include leaves, stems, vascular tissue, roots, flowers, and seeds protected by a fruit. Lesson 3: Seed Plants

Chapter Review – MC1 A.cellulose B.cuticle C.vascular tissue D.xylem Which is an organic compound made of chains of glucose molecules?

Chapter Review – MC2 A.cell wall B.cellulose C.cuticle D.vascular tissue Which is made of tubelike cells that transport water and nutrients in some plants?

Chapter Review – MC3 A.bryophytes B.fronds C.rhizoids D.stomata Which term is another name for the leaves of ferns?

Chapter Review – MC4 A.phloem B.roots C.rhizoid D.stomata Which term refers to the vascular tissue that carries dissolved sugars throughout a plant?

Chapter Review – MC5 A.stomata B.palisade mesophyll C.epidermal tissue D.cambium Which part of a leaf controls the movement of gases in and out of the leaf?

Chapter Review – STP1 The first land plants probably lived in what kind of area? A.cold B.dark C.dry D.moist

Chapter Review – STP2 A.cuticle B.lignin C.phloem D.vascular tissue Which refers to the chemical in many plants that strengthens the plant’s cellulose?

Chapter Review – STP3 A.stems B.roots C.leaves D.flowers Which do club mosses NOT have?

Chapter Review – STP4 A.club mosses B.ferns C.horsetails D.mosses Which are nonvascular seedless plants, or bryophytes?

Chapter Review – STP5 A.sieve-tube elements B.cambium C.seeds D.stomata Which produces new vascular tissue and grows between xylem and phloem?