Who Defined the Study of Philosophy and Logic? ________,___________,__________ These three philosophers form the basis of what is known as__________________ Every thinker and scientist that followed used their methods

Socrates b. 470 BCE Developed the Socratic method: A series of questions are used to______________________________________. “The unexamined life is not worth living.” “ There is only one good,__________, and one evil,__________.” “______________.” Was executed in Athens after being convicted of corrupting the youth with his ideas.

Plato b. 428 BCE Was Socrates’ brilliant student Traveled extensively before returning to teach at The Academy. _______________________- the real world is only a reflection of the truth, of a higher reality He believed that the perfect political system would feature “______________” as it rulers, people versed in ethics and who truly loved only one thing: truth and knowledge

Aristotle b. 384 BCE Plato’s student Aristotle studied almost every single topic from anatomy to economics to geography, physics, politics, psychology, religion, and even poetry. He founded his own school after leaving the Academy, and his center of knowledge became known as___________. Was _________________personal teacher.

Aristotle Part 2 Developed a vast system of rules for logical thinking to define the world. Much like a game has rules, so, too, must logic Syllogism def. If_____________________ Causality: If I set fire to a piece of paper (______) then it will burn (_______). Scientific Method: 1. ______________ 2. ______________ 3. ______________

What is Logic? Def. logic is the study of the rules ________________ _______________________. Deduction: Reasoning that moves from the_______________. It is a form of inference where if the premises are______, the conclusion must also be______. –All humans have two legs, the major premise, –I am a human, the minor premise, therefore, –__________________, the conclusion. Induction: Reasoning that typically moves from specific examples to a larger, general observation.____________________, the conclusion should be true as well. –'95 households out of 100 have a TV. I am going to stay with Fred, so _______________________".

What is a syllogism? a specific method of logical deduction to prove something (moving from the general to the particular) every syllogism contains at least three parts: –a ______________(global assumption) –a ______________(specific claim) –a ______________ It’s kind of like simple ________: __________________________

True vs. Valid Arguments True argument = an argument with a conclusion that is considered______________. Valid argument = an argument with a conclusion that makes _____________, regardless of whether it is __________.

What are the unstated assumptions? I failed that course because the instructor didn’t like me. Assumption: The instructor fails students he doesn’t like. I’m not surprised he made the team. After all, his father is the superintendent of schools. Assumption: The superintendent gives special favors to his family If I’d only taken my boss to lunch more often, I could have gotten that raise. Assumption: The boss denies raises to people who don’t take him to lunch very often. _____________________________________________________

A visual representation all things with hair all mammals have hair mammals fish do not have hair fish Fish are not mammals

True, Valid or Both? bad drivers All old people are bad drivers. Old people Jean is an old person. Jean Jean is a bad driver. ______________________________

True, Valid, or Both All fruits have seeds. Tomatoes have seeds Therefore,a tomato is a fruit. All fruits Tomatoes Scientifically, this is valid and true

Is this True, Valid, or Both? No human being is immortal. God is not a human being. Therefore, God is immortal. all things immortal human beings faulty logic, but, according to many people’s beliefs, a true statement: _________ argument, but a _______ conclusion (according to many people’s beliefs) God

Is this True, Valid, or Both? All weeds are plants. A flower is a plant. Therefore, all weeds are flowers. plants weeds flowers The conclusion here does not logically follow as a necessary consequence; therefore this argument is _____________.