What is argumentation?

Defined: “an argument is writing or speaking (discourse) characterized by a reason or reasons advanced to support a conclusion.” (Herrick) “argumentation is the ongoing process of advancing and responding to arguments.” (Herrick)

Reasons we make arguments To justify our position on a topic. To seek to persuade someone. As a means of discovery, inquiry, and education.

Characteristics of arguments: Involves disagreement of some type with another person Is a form of communication Involves human values. Motivation to engage in an argument. Arguments begin when reasons are put forward. Testing of arguments.

Disagreement Individuals hold differing points of view. Perception plays a key role. Disagreement arises because of different attitudes, values and beliefs.

Values: Values are shaped by our experiences, religion, culture, age, gender, etc. Certain arguments concern more important or substantive values than others. Values are some what stable, but not static. (new information, political and ideological, and erosion)

Motivation: For argumentation to occur individuals must participate. “powerful” reasons must be part of the argument. Individuals can have various reasons for arguing.

Reasons: “a statement advanced to establish a claim” (Herrick) Reasons vary in strength. Good reasons must be “ethically” sound. Some reasons need ample backing.

History of Argumentation Aristotle and Plato in Ancient Greece The public as legislators and lawyers Rhetoric Logos Ethos Pathos

Reasons to study argumentation: Helps prevent the triumph of fraud and injustice. Provides a method of instruction to the public. Makes us see both sides of a case. Can be a means of self-defense.