Why study Chinese diplomacy Diplomacy is a means to make China communicate with the world and protect its security from external dangers Diplomacy is a means to make China communicate with the world and protect its security from external dangers China is deeply involved with the world economic system China is deeply involved with the world economic system What occurs around the world, far and near, sometimes affect China What occurs around the world, far and near, sometimes affect China China is taking more responsible roles in the world China is taking more responsible roles in the world Increasing exchanges of Chinese culture and lifestyles with those of foreign countries Increasing exchanges of Chinese culture and lifestyles with those of foreign countries Chinese citizens can influence what their country does in foreign policy Chinese citizens can influence what their country does in foreign policy

Concepts of diplomacy The word “ waijiao ” (diplomacy) can be traced back as early as in the Spring and Autumn period (B.C B.C. 221) in China. ( 近者不亲, 无务来远。亲戚不附，无 务外交，墨子语 ) Here the meaning of “ waijiao ” means civil subjects meeting their officials, or private exchange and communication. The word “ waijiao ” (diplomacy) can be traced back as early as in the Spring and Autumn period (B.C B.C. 221) in China. ( 近者不亲, 无务来远。亲戚不附，无 务外交，墨子语 ) Here the meaning of “ waijiao ” means civil subjects meeting their officials, or private exchange and communication. The word “ diplomacy ” in modern sense is from “ diploma ” in Greek, a commission document made by small wood, issued by the Roman Senate to the envoy that will go abroad for his identification, similar to “ letter of credence ” or “ credentials ” today. The word “ diplomacy ” in modern sense is from “ diploma ” in Greek, a commission document made by small wood, issued by the Roman Senate to the envoy that will go abroad for his identification, similar to “ letter of credence ” or “ credentials ” today.

“ Diplomacy ” can be identified in three basic aspects: “ Diplomacy ” can be identified in three basic aspects: a) who does diplomacy? (actors, players) b) How does diplomacy proceed? ( means, approaches) c) what goals does diplomacy is intended to achieve? (ends, goals) (ends, goals)

The content of diplomacy can be understood in both narrow and broad senses Narrowly, diplomacy can be understood as foreign relations. Narrowly, diplomacy can be understood as foreign relations. Broadly, it has three aspects in contents: Broadly, it has three aspects in contents: 1) theories of diplomacy 2) diplomatic policies 3) diplomatic relations

Evolutions of Chinese diplomacy Three “ thirty years ” in Chinese foreign relations: Three “ thirty years ” in Chinese foreign relations: new democratic revolution ( ) new democratic revolution ( ) period of socialist revolution ( ) period of socialist revolution ( ) period of socialist construction ( ) period of socialist construction ( )

the past sixty years fall into six periods: 1) period of socialist revolution ( ) period of identifying new China ’ s diplomacy ( ) period of identifying new China ’ s diplomacy ( ) period of adjusting Chinese diplomacy ( ) period of adjusting Chinese diplomacy ( ) period of radical thoughts in dominance ( ) period of radical thoughts in dominance ( )

period of socialist construction ( ) period of reforming and opening-up ( ) period of reforming and opening-up ( ) period of adapting to post-cold war era ( ) period of adapting to post-cold war era ( ) period of new development (2001- ) period of new development (2001- )

Shift of Modern Chinese Diplomatic Strategies Leaning to one side (1950s) Leaning to one side (1950s) Opposing imperialism and revisionism and promoting world revolution (1960s) Opposing imperialism and revisionism and promoting world revolution (1960s) opposing revisionism and hegemonism (1970s) opposing revisionism and hegemonism (1970s) Taking independent and peaceful development policies( 1980s ) Taking independent and peaceful development policies( 1980s ) “Taking low profile” strategy and “engagement strategy” (1990s) “Taking low profile” strategy and “engagement strategy” (1990s) “Taking a responsible role” (2000s) “Taking a responsible role” (2000s)

Four Major Principles in modern Chinese Diplomacy Independence (maintain national sovereignty, national independence and autonomy, territorial integrity) Independence (maintain national sovereignty, national independence and autonomy, territorial integrity) Peacekeeping and opposing hegemony (maintain world peace and oppose hegemonism and power politics) Peacekeeping and opposing hegemony (maintain world peace and oppose hegemonism and power politics) Peaceful coexistence (mutual respect of sovereignty and territorial integrity, non-aggression, non-interference, equal benefits, peaceful coexistence) Peaceful coexistence (mutual respect of sovereignty and territorial integrity, non-aggression, non-interference, equal benefits, peaceful coexistence) Building international political and economic new order (guarantee that all countries have equal rights to their respective developments) Building international political and economic new order (guarantee that all countries have equal rights to their respective developments)

Major events in modern Chinese diplomacy Opening to the Soviet Union Opening to the Soviet Union Resolving most border issues with neighboring countries Resolving most border issues with neighboring countries Establishing diplomatic relations with more than 170 countries Establishing diplomatic relations with more than 170 countries Restoring the PRC’s legal position at UN Restoring the PRC’s legal position at UN Improving Sino-US relations and China’s opening to the outside world again Improving Sino-US relations and China’s opening to the outside world again Resolving Hong Kong and Macau issues by the model of “one country two systems” Resolving Hong Kong and Macau issues by the model of “one country two systems” Embracing the world and improving China’s position Embracing the world and improving China’s position

An Overview: diplomacy in modern China An Overview: diplomacy in modern China Five major aspects ● nature of diplomacy in modern China ● positions of diplomacy in modern China ● eras and contexts in which Chinese diplomacy is located ● fundamental goals of Chinese diplomacy ● major characteristics of Chinese diplomacy with different Chinese leaders

II. Perspectives/approaches in the study of diplomacy Levels: 1. International system international structures ( material and ideational) international structures ( material and ideational) 2. Domestic system national mechanisms (political systems, identities, national interests, and other domestic determinants) national mechanisms (political systems, identities, national interests, and other domestic determinants) role of individuals/decision-makers (personality, competence, statecraft) role of individuals/decision-makers (personality, competence, statecraft)

Scopes bilateral/multilateral government to government relationship people to people relationship public diplomacyFields political political economic economic military military social and cultural social and cultural