Decay Series. Uranium Radioactive Decay U-238 206 210 214 218 222 226 230 234 238 Mass number 818283848586878889909192 Atomic number Th-230  Th-234 

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Presentation transcript:

Decay Series

Uranium Radioactive Decay U Mass number Atomic number Th-230  Th-234  Ra-226  Rn-222  Po-218  Pb-206  Pb-214  Pb-210  Pa-234  Bi-214  Po-214  Bi-210  Po-210  U-234  4.5 x 10 9 y 24 d 1.2 m 2.5 x 10 5 y 8.0 x 10 4 y 1600 y 3.8 d 3.0 m 27 m 160  s 5.0 d 138 d stable

Nuclear Stability Decay will occur in such a way as to return a nucleus to the band (line) of stability. Protons (Z) Neutrons (N)

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Band of Stability Number of neutrons Stable nuclides Naturally occurring radioactive nuclides Other known nuclides Number of protons n = p

 decay  decay Protons (Z) Neutrons (N) W Ag Fe Ne Bi positron emission and/or electron capture

 decay  decay Protons (Z) Neutrons (N) W Ag Fe Ne Bi positron emission and/or electron capture Nuclear Stability Decay will occur in such a way as to return a nucleus to the band (line) of stability.

Half-Lives of Some Isotopes of Carbon NuclideHalf-Life Carbon s Carbon s Carbon m Carbon-12Stable Carbon-13Stable Carbon y Carbon s Carbon s

Enlargement of part of band of stability around Neon moves into band of stability by beta decay. Umland and Bellama, General Chemistry 2 nd Edition, page 773 moves into band of stability by positron emission. Electron capture would also move into the band of stability.

Effects of Radioactive Emissions on Proton and Neutrons Number of protons Loss of Loss of or electron capture Loss of

Nuclear Decay Rn  Ra+ 2+ H O  N Sr  Rb+ n He H H N  C He H H+ AlphaBetaPositronGamma neutronproton 4 2  2+ 0  n 1 0 H  0 0  “absorption”, “bombardment” vs. “production”, “emission”

Units Used in Measurement of Radioactivity Curie Curie (C) Becquerel Becquerel (Bq) Roentgens Roentgens (R) Rad Rad (rad) Rem Rem (rem) radioactive decay exposure to ionizing radiation energy absorption caused by ionizing radiation biological effect of the absorbed dose in humans Units Measurements

Effects of Instantaneous Whole-Body Radiation Doses on People Dose, Sv (rem)Effect >10 (1000) Death within 24 h from destruction of the neurological system. 7.5 (750) Death within 4-30 d from gastrointestinal bleeding. 1.5 – 7.5 (150 – 750)Intensive hospital care required for survival. At the higher end of range, death through infection resulting from destruction of white-blood cell-forming organs usually takes place 4 – 8 weeks after accident. Those surviving this period usually recover. < 0.5 (50)Only proven effect is decrease in white blood cell count. Alexander Litvinenko

The intensity of radiation is proportional to 1 / d 2, where d is the distance from the source.

Alpha, Beta, Positron Emission Examples of Nuclear Decay Processes  emission (alpha)   emission (beta)   emission (positron) Although beta emission involves electrons, those electrons come from the nucleus. Within the nucleus, a neutron decays into a proton and an electron. The electron is emitted, leaving behind a proton to replace the neutron, thus transforming the element. (A neutrino is also produced and emitted in the process.) Herron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Schrader, Kulka, Chemistry, Heath Publishing,1996, page 275

Nuclear Reactions First recognized natural transmutation of an element (Rutherford and Soddy, 1902) First artificial transmutation of an element (Rutherford, 1919) Discovery of the neutron (Chadwick, 1932) Discovery of nuclear fission (Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman, 1939) ? ? Bailar, Chemistry, pg 361

Preparation of Transuranium Elements 93 Neptunium Np Plutonium Pu Americium Am Curium Cm Berkelium Bk Californium Cf 1950 Atomic Number NameSymbol Year Discovered Reaction Ralph A. Burns, Fundamentals of Chemistry 1999, page 553

Preparation of Transuranium Elements 93 Neptunium Np Plutonium Pu Americium Am Curium Cm Berkelium Bk Californium Cf 1950 Atomic Number NameSymbol Year Discovered Reaction Ralph A. Burns, Fundamentals of Chemistry 1999, page 553

Additional Transuranium Elements 99 Einsteinium Es Fermium Fm Mendelevium Md Nobelium Nb Lawrencium Lr Rutherfordium Rf Dubnium Db Seaborgium Sg Bohrium Bh Hassium Hs Meitnerium Mt DarmstadtiumDs Unununium Uun Ununbium Uub Uuq 1999 (Russia) (Russia)