Chapter 42

What is meant by mood? the manner in which the action of the verb is conveyed.

The indicative mood indicates a fact. He is running. The farmers will plow the field. The wheat is carried into the barn.

The imperative mood gives a command addressed to a second person(s). Boys, carry the rocks! Children, come here! Stand up!

The subjunctive mood usually does not express a fact but expresses a desire or wish, possibility or potential, or a command. I may go to school today. possibility, potential May they live happily. wish, desire Let them drink swill, let us drink wine! command

Since Chapter 40 you have been meeting subordinate clauses with their verbs in the subjunctive. Magister navis, cum valde timēret, suos vetuit nos adiuvāre. The captain of the ship, since he was very frightened, forbade the his own men to help us. the verb timēret is imperfect subjunctive and is translated was..

Cum quattuor dies navigavissemus, subito maxima tempestas coorta est. When we had sailed four days, suddenly a great storm arose. The verb navigavissemus is a pluperfect subjunctive and is translated had...

Forms of the subjunctive: Imperfect tense 2 nd principal part (infinitive) + personal endings imp.Latin singularEnglish singularLatin pluralEnglish plural 1 st : 2 nd : 3 rd :

Pluperfect Tense perfect active stem + -isse- + personal endings plup.Latin singularEnglish singularLatin pluralEnglish plural 1 st : 2 nd : 3 rd :

Activity 1: In story 42, locate four verbs in the imperfect subjunctive and seven in the pluperfect subjunctive. imperfectpluperfect

Cum Causal Clauses 1.Subordinate clauses that are introduced by the conjunction cum may be cum causal clauses; cum is translated since or because. Such clauses state the reason for the action of the main clause. Magister navis, cum valde timēret, suos vetuit nos adiuvare. The captain of the ship, since he was very frightened, forbade the his own men to help us.

Cum Circumstantial Clauses 1.Subordinate clauses that are introduced by the conjunction cum may also be cum circumstantial clauses; cum is translated as when. Such clauses describe the circumstances that accompanied or preceded the action of the main clause. Cum quattuor dies navigavissemus, subito maxima tempestas coorta est. When we had sailed four days, suddenly a great storm arose.

N.B. Often only the context and sense will tell you whether cum is to be translated since/because or when.

Indirect Questions 1.Look at these pairs of sentences: a.direct question:Qui estis? Who are you? b.indirect question: Piratae rogabant qui essemus. The pirates were asking who we were.

a.direct question:Unde venistis? From where have you come? b.indirect question: Piratae rogabant unde venissemus. The pirates were asking from where we had come.

a.direct question:Quo iter facitis? To where are you traveling? b.indirect question: Piratae rogabant quo iter faceremus. The pirates were asking to where we were making a journey.

After the introductory words Piratae rogabant, the direct questions are stated indirectly in subordinate clauses and their verbs are in the subjunctive. These subordinate clauses are called indirect questions.

Activity 2 – Translate each sentence. Identify as either cum causal, cum circumstantial or indirect question 1.Cum prope rivum ambulāremus, Corneliam et Flaviam clamantes audivimus. 2.Grammaticus Marcum rogavit unde venisset Aeneas.

3.Grammaticus Sextum rogavit ubi esset Hesperia. 4.Grammaticus me, cum de Hesperiā ignorārem, verberavit. 5.Piratae Valerium rogaverunt quis esset.

6.Magister navis, cum piratas timēret, de patre Valerii vera dicere constituit. 7.Servus, cum in mare desiluisset, ad litus celeriter natavit. 8.Cum casam intravisset, custodem pugione percussit.

9.Cum casam appropinquavissem, dominum vidi. 10.Cum neque cibum neque aquam habērent, aegerrimi erant.