Chapter 20 Lincoln came quietly to DC-7 states left/8 more possible Secession Inaugural Address: No conflict unless South provoked- ”Secession not Legal”-Impractical-could not physically separate (not geographically possible) Several Questions: Uncontested secession-National Debt, Federal Territories, Fugitive Slave Issue, RR-very complex! Europeans delighted-Divide and Conquer-Monroe Doctrine?

South Carolina & Fort Sumter South seized territories and federal areas within borders, forts, arsenals, etc. Fort Sumter-not taken-provisions could only last a couple weeks, no supplies, would have to surrender-Lincoln told South provisions would be sent yet not reinforcing-Union Naval force sent April 12, 1861-Cannons of Carolinas opened fire-34 hour bombardment-garrison surrendered Most Northerners did not care to fight until now South had fired upon the U.S.-Lincoln called fro state militias for 75,000 volunteers-April leaky blockade declared VA, AK,TN, NC seceded(11 total)

Blood-Brother/Border Border States-MO, KY, MD, DL, WV Contained white populations totaling more than half of the entire confederacy MD, KY, MO would almost double manufacturing output of the South & increase by half the horse and mule supply Cumberland & Tennessee went deep into South(Ohio River) Had to have Kentucky Lincoln declared martial law in Maryland-also sent troops to W.Virginia and Missouri Lincoln-”Not fighting to free blacks”-Why?-SAVE THE UNION!! Civilized tribes in Oklahoma sided w/Confederacy(owned slaves) Brother v. Brother

Balance of Power North AdvantagesDisadvantages South AdvantagesDisadvantages

Dethroning King Cotton South counted on foreign help-Europe’s ruling classes were sympathetic-did not like democratic experiment & favored South’s semifeudal & aristocracy Many working class in Europe pulling for North-might rid slavery (Uncle Tom’s Cabin)-3/4 of cotton from South Why did King Cotton fail them? Surplus from previous 3 years-Real pinch cam 1 1/2 years later yet w/ Emancipation Proclamation-no support for the South Cotton famine helped by food from America-Union shipped to Britain- Cotton of Egypt & India increased output-War Industries in Britain needed workers King Corn & King Wheat-huge crops in North & Britain had bad harvests-needed food

Diplomacy Trent Affair-late 1861-Union warship stopped British vessel & removed two Confederate diplomats-British enraged-Lincoln released British also built vessels for South-(Alabama) Eventually they attempted to end corruption but could not remain neutral-Confederate destroyers built in Britain captured more than 250 Yankee ships 1872-Britain paid US $15.5 million in damages Canada? Mexico?

Davis/Lincoln Confederate Constitution could not deny future secession Davis battled w/ states’ righters-had some trouble getting some states to join the battles outside the borders Davis always in trouble and not incredibly popular & always battling Congress(talk of impeachment) Inclined to defy public opinion rather than lead public opinion- too large of an undertaking for anyone? Lincoln enjoyed a long established government, financially stable & recognized Grew as war dragged on-genious for leading public Man who had considerable generosity & patience

Denying Wartime Liberties Defied Constitution Presidential Powers increase in times of war-”only temporary” Proclaimed blockade (Congress not in session) Increased size of army $2 million to private citizens to military purposes(Sec of Treas) Suspended writ of habeas corpus, “supervised” voting in border states with colored ballots Suspended certain newspapers & arrested editors Davis could do little?

Volunteers & Draftees At first North was volunteer-by 1863 Congress passed first conscription law on national scale-Unfair to poor-$300 men Draft riot in New York More than 90% of Union men were volunteer-eventually generous $ for volunteers-with $ came unsavory volunteers- 200,000 deserters Confederacy much less populous-had to start w/ conscription much earlier year olds Privileges in South as well-hard feelings between rich and poor

Economic Stresses North handled economy of war much better than South Excise taxes increased on alcohol and tobacco-Income tax passed also Passed higher tariff(Republican) Greenbacks, sale of bonds-marketed bonds through private banks National Banking System-1863-stimulate government bonds, standard notes, first bank since 1836 South suffered from blockade, sold bonds, increased taxes, 10% increase on farm produce-not effective-states’ rightists Printed worthless $ as revenue dried up-9,000% inflation

North’s Economic Boom Prosperity ruled in the North-factories protected by tariffs- manufacturers flourished-new millionaire class Northern manufacturers supplied poor products & gained huge $ Labor saving machines allowed North still produce w/ men gone Reapers helped feed & sent abroad to dethrone King Cotton Petroleum-1859-New Industry Homestead Act of 1862! Opportunities for women

Crushed King Cotton Fighting & Blockade took toll on South-30% of nation’s wealth in 1860, only 12% by 1870-per capita income fell dramatically Pulled up RR lines, melted window weights North’s captains of industry had conquered South’s Lords of Manor North-Full fledged Industrial Revolution-dominance in politics and economics Cotton Capitalism lost to Industrial Capitalism