Developing Democracy & Democratization Process

D EVELOPING D EMOCRACY  The “Third Wave”  Global democratic expansion in post-1974 (from Southern Europe in the mid-1970s to South America in the late 1970s, reached East, Southeast, and South Asia by the mid to late 1980s.  Transitions from communist authoritarian rule in Eastern Europe in the end of the 1980s.  The best form of government  Freedom is constrained by the rule of law and popular sovereignty is tempered by state institutions that produce order and stability. Larry Diamond, ch. 1.

D EVELOPING D EMOCRACY  The liberal democracy  A political system in which individual and group liberties are well protected.  There exist autonomous spheres of civil society and private life, insulated from state control.  Democratic regimes  Democratic regimes have a long history of war and conquest against nondemocracies.  No two countries that have established liberal democracy have ever gone to war against one another. Larry Diamond, ch. 1.

D EVELOPING D EMOCRACY  Democratic system  While democracy may generate fewer economic miracles, it seems better suited to avoid or to correct disasters.  The absence of reserved domains of power for the military or other actors not accountable to the electorate.  In addition to the vertical accountability of rulers to the ruled, it requires the horizontal accountability of officeholders to one another.  Freedom and pluralism can be secured only through a “rule of law”. Larry Diamond, ch. 1.

Adams Przeworski, Democracy and the Market, ch.1.

D EMOCRACY AS A S YSTEM 1.Party competition organized by rules 2.A system of processing conflicts 3.Collective rationality 4.Competing views of compliance 5.A particular system of institutions

P ARTY C OMPETITION O RGANIZED BY R ULES  Parties are based on divisions of interests, values, and opinions  Multiple political forces compete inside an institutional framework

A S YSTEM OF P ROCESSING C ONFLICTS  Neither chaos nor anarchy  Outcomes are uncertain because the consequences of one's actions depend on actions of others  Uncertainty promotes instrumental action (participation, action to advance interests, projects or values)  Every does what he or she expects is for the best

C OLLECTIVE R ATIONALITY  The general interest is given a priori and that the democratic process converges to it.  Democratic institutions render an intertemporal character to political conflicts, offer a long time horizon to political actors.

C OMPETING V IEWS OF C OMPLIANCE  Spontaneous self-enforcing outcomes  Bargains or contracts  Norms

A P ARTICULAR S YSTEM OF I NSTITUTIONS Institutions matter in two ways (as rules of competition and as the instrument for punishment of noncompliance) There are different ways of organizing democracies (e.g., presidential and parliamentary systems) Institutions made a difference not only in efficiency but through their profound distributional effects.

Huntington’s “Crash of Civilizations”

D IVISIONS OF C IVILIZATIONS  The civilizations of the Cold War era were divided into the First, Second, and Third Worlds  These are no longer relevant  Civilizations are the highest cultural entity that encompass the broadest memberships sharing cultural similarities (religion, linguistic features, ethnicity, etc.)

D IVISIONS OF C IVILIZATIONS  The differences between civilizations are fundamental  The world is becoming a smaller place  Modernization is producing social change at an alarming rate  Nation-states are weakening  Regional movements featuring traditionalist themes are springing up everywhere….usually around religious principles

D IVISIONS OF C IVILIZATIONS  “Westernization” results in a backlash from these traditionalist movements  Religion is exclusive….it paints sharp differences between people….so these conflicts are going to be harder to resolve  Economic regionalism is increasing (economic trading blocs)  There will emerge civilizational “fault lines”  Asian (Confucian)  Islamic  Western

D IVISIONS OF C IVILIZATIONS Islam and Christianity have been engaged in a cultural war since the Crusades In the wake of the colonial era, Arab nationalism and fundamentalism has risen Islam is antithetical to democracy and western values Islam has “bloody borders” There is the phenomenon of the “West vs. the rest” (a Confucian-Islamic opposition to the West) Arms deals between China and the Middle East suggest there is a Confucian-Islamic military threat

C RITIQUE  It is too simple  The examples do not substantiate the claim  It is not empirically proven  It does not understand cultures  It is driven by domestic concerns  It is dangerous