Swedish International Development Agency S ESSION 11 United Nations Environment Program Division of Technology Industry and Economy CP and MEA policy integration ACME A pplying C LEANER PRODUCTION to M ULTILATERAL E NVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS

1/ Background information > What does “policy making” refers to? 2/ Cleaner Production > Links between CP and MEA policies? 3/ UNFCCC > National policies? 4/ Basel Convention > National policies? 5/ Stockholm Convention > National policies? 6/ Policy development > What are the crucial elements in the policy development cycle? OUTLINE Objectives of this session ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 2 / 22

“Policy making” refers to: > a long-term, interactive, iterative and multi- stakeholder process, to develop a framework to implement a certain policy, and to evaluate and modify its implementation on a regular basis. > elaborating a policy document or a policy statement – such as a national policy. This is only one part of the policy development process. BACKGROUND Defining “Policy” ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 3 / 22

Policy is not equivalent to ‘regulations’ or ‘a legal framework’. Policy represents a pallet / toolbox of possible instruments for policy instrumentation varying from ‘stick’ to ‘carrot’. BACKGROUND “Policy” versus “Regulation” ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 4 / 22

LegislationFinancial TechnicalCommunication BACKGROUND Generic toolbox for policies ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 5 / 22

BACKGROUND Range of policy instruments ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 6 / 22

CLEANER PRODUCTION MEA versus CP MEAs are ‘focused’ on one single issue. ≠ CP is integrated. MEA starts from the command-and-control (top-down) ≠ CP starts from the voluntary actions (bottom-up) ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 7 / 22

LEGISLATION > Environmental norms and regulations. > Specific CP laws. > Mandatory CP assessments. > Link with permitting. FINANCIAL > Emission fees and non-compliance fees. > Customised tax systems. > Grants, subsidies. > Financial assistance. TECHNICAL > Technical guidelines. > Service support centres. > Clearinghouses. COMMUNICATION > Voluntary agreements / industry codes of practices. > Education / awareness campaigns. > Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers. > (Non-financial) award systems. Analysis CLEANER PRODUCTION ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 8 / 22

UNFCCC Analysis LEGISLATION > Regulations > Standards FINANCIAL > Energy and CO2 taxes > Green taxation > Energy / electricity subsidies > Subsidies renewable systems > Green certificates TECHNICAL > Research & development > Capacity building > Assessment guidelines > Overview of BAT’s COMMUNICATION > Voluntary agreements > Information > Education > Public awareness campaigns. ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 9 / 22

Tax system > Price on energy and/or tax on carbon or green taxation determines behavior of target group. > Inadequate pricing (or even subsidising) energy perhaps stimulates economic growth but is contra-productive to efficiency improvement. > Innovative tax systems (on physical terms instead of labour and income). Voluntary agreements > Covenant approach (Netherlands). > Long-term agreement. > Target setting, no strict compulsary prescription of measures. > Flexibility and transparency are crucial elements for industry to develop strategy. UNFCCC Examples ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 10 / 22

Overview of national strategies, both governmental (regulatory, financial as well as communicative) as well as stakeholder initiatives UNFCCC References / information sources ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 11 / 22

BASEL CONVENTION Analysis LEGISLATION > Preventive Rules in WM Acts > National Action Plans > Product Ordinances > (Compulsary) audit schemes FINANCIAL > Eco-tax on products > Tailored tax for disposal > Licensed charges > R&D funds for Eco-design TECHNICAL > Guidelines with BAT’s > Eco-design guidance > Demonstration projects > Technical support centres COMMUNICATION > Extended Producer Responsibility > Eco-labelling ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 12 / 22

Compulsary standards / bans > Strict rules what kind of components / raw materials can be used in production. > Bans what kind of chemicals can be disposed (e.g. not allowed for landfilling, so either expensive treatment or incineration or incentive to seek way for avoiding). Eco-labelling / EPR > Extended Producer Responsibility (e.g. voluntary agreements) including: - Eco-design - Take back responsibility - Eco-labelling (clear information of consistence of product and how to dispose it) Examples BASEL CONVENTION ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 13 / 22

Overview of national strategies, both governmental (regulatory, financial as well as communicative) as well as stakeholder initiatives References / information sources BASEL CONVENTION ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 14 / 22

STOCKHOLM CONVENTION Analysis LEGISLATION > National Implementation Plans > National Inter-depart. Councils > Tailored (CP) Laws > Specialised POP’s Laws FINANCIAL > Support for developing NIP’s > Support for destroying POP’s > Support for substituting POP’s TECHNICAL > Specialised support centres > Overview BAT’s > Monitoring programmes > Establishment analytical laboratories COMMUNICATION > Registers > Information Exchange Networks > PR Campaigns ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 15 / 22

National Implementation Plan > Requirement under the Convention > Good examples: Philippines, Switzerland, Canada, Armenia - Nice mix of instruments - Priority to Cleaner Production - Mix of policies and capacity building / awareness raising actions - Multi-stakeholder involvement Information clearing houses > Stockholm Convention has developed already an online system, so seek suggestions for process changes, materials substitution, etc. per sector and/or waste stream Examples STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 16 / 22

Overview of national strategies, both governmental (regulatory, financial as well as communicative) as well as stakeholder initiatives ubmissions/default.htm References / information sources STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 17 / 22

1. Analysis of the current situation (problems / barriers / needs) 2. Set priorities and objectives 3. Policy development, including strategy, action plan and instruments 4. Implementation 5. Evaluation POLICY DEVELOPMENT Theoretic development cycle ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 18 / 22

During the start of policy making > Stakeholder analysis (needs, motivation, interests) > Evaluation of existing system (instruments, implementation stage, acceptance, barriers / problems, effectiveness) > Building consensus and common goal > Identification priorities > Define clear and measurable objectives When defining the policies > Selection of a mix of instruments > Design strategy and action plan for implementation > Information and education campaigns > Monitoring of the implementation > Evaluation of the policy effectiveness > Periodic policy adjustment Specific steps POLICY DEVELOPMENT ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 19 / 22

General observations > There is no one single ‘right’ way of policy development. > Policy development is a long-term, repetitive process. > Regular evaluation and modification are necessary. Basic conditions for good policy development > Political will. > Interest of relevant stakeholders. > General awareness. > Policy continuity and stability. > Adaptation to local conditions. Conclusion POLICY DEVELOPMENT ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 20 / 22

Crucial elements of policies: > Integrative approach; > Seek for the most optimum mix of instruments; > Clarity on hierarchy; > Strive for mainstreaming; > Development via multi-stakeholder approach. CONCLUSION Warp up of the session ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 21 / 22

CONCLUSION End of session 11 Thank you for your attention… Any questions? ACME - Session 11 - CP and MEA policy integration - 22 / 22