Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. The Chemistry of Organic Molecules Chapter 3

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Outline Organic vs Inorganic Functional Groups and Isomers Macromolecules – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins – Nucleic Acids

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Organic Molecules Organic - Living Inorganic - Nonliving – Organic molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Four categories:  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Carbon Atom Carbon atoms contain a total of 6 electrons, with only four in the outer shell. – Very diverse as it can bond with up to four different elements.  Often shares with other carbon atoms, producing long carbon chains.  Hydrocarbons are chains of carbon bonded only to hydrogen atoms.

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Functional Groups and Isomers Functional groups are specific combinations of bonded atoms that always react in the same manner, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton. – Determine polarity of organic molecule.

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.

Isomers Isomers are organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but a different arrangement of atoms.

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Macromolecules Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are referred to as macromolecules because of their large size. – Polymers are made up of monomers. Dehydration - Removal of water molecule. Hydrolysis - Addition of water molecule. – Enzymes speed up reactions.

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Carbohydrates Used as immediate energy sources. – Monosaccharides - Single sugar molecule.  Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose – Disaccharides - Contain two monosaccharides joined during dehydration reaction.  Sucrose – Polysaccharides - Polymers of monosaccharides.  Starch, cellulose, chitin

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Lipids Insoluble in water due to hydrocarbon chains. Fats – Glycerol - Contains three OH - groups.  Triglycerides - Three fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule.  Fatty acid consists of long hydrocarbon chain.  Saturated - No double bonds.  Unsaturated - Double bonds.

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Fat and Fatty Acids

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Lipids Phospholipids – Instead of third fatty acid attached to glycerol as in fat, there is a polar phosphate group.  Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.  Arrange themselves so polar heads are adjacent to water.  Bulk of cell plasma membrane consists of phospholipid bilayer.

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Phospholipids

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Lipids Steroid – Have skeletons of four fused carbon rings.  Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen Waxes – Long-chain fatty acid bonds with a long- chain alcohol.  High melting point  Waterproof  Resistant to degradation

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Proteins Functions – Support – Enzymes – Transport – Defense – Hormones – Motion

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Proteins Amino acids are subunits of proteins. – Bond to a hydrogen atom, an amino group -NH 2, an acidic group -COOH, and an R (remainder) group.  Peptide Bond - Covalent bond between two amino acids.  Peptide - Two or more amino acids bonded together.  Polypeptide - Chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Proteins Protein Structure – Primary - Sequence of amino acids. – Secondary - Polypeptide coils or folds in a particular fashion. – Tertiary - Folding and twisting that results in final three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide. – Quaternary - Consists of more than one polypeptide.

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Protein Folding Diseases As proteins are being synthesized, chaperones bind and prevent incorrect interactions. – Mad cow disease is an example of a category of fatal brain diseases TSEs, that could be due to misfolded proteins.

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Nucleic Acids Polymers of nucleotides with very specific cell functions. – DNA (seoxyribonucleic acid)  Doublestranded – RNA (ribonucleic acid)  Singlestranded Every nucleotide is made up of phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. – Complementary base pairing

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. DNA

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. RNA

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Nucleic Acids ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of adenine and ribose. – In cells, the terminal phosphate bond is hydrolyzed to give the molecule ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a phosphate molecule.  Releases energy

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Review Organic vs Inorganic Functional Groups and Isomers Macromolecules – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins – Nucleic Acids

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed.