Proteins

Proteins Chains of amino acids Basic structure below:

Proteins Amino acid in solution

Proteins 20 amino acids Differ only in their side chains, R.

Condensation!

Proteins: Primary Structure Order of amino acids Protein made depends on ◦ Kind: which amino acids are present? ◦ Amount: how many amino acids? ◦ Sequence: what’s the order they are arranged?

Proteins: Secondary Structure Folding & coiling form pleated sheets and helixes Stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Proteins: Tertiary Structure Long coils fold among themselves

Proteins: Quaternary Structure separate amino acid chains fit together to make the final structure of a protein ◦ i.e., hemoglobin has 4!

Proteins: What do they do? Structural: collagen, elastin Oxygen-carriers: hemoglobin, myoglobin Forms parts of cell membranes: channels, receptors Allow muscle contraction Enzymes

Proteins: Enzymes Protein catalysts that speed up important biological chemical reactions

Proteins: Enzymes How do they work? substrates

Proteins: Enzymes How does environment affect its activity? Things to consider: - Temperature - pH

Proteins: Enzymes How does environment affect its activity?

Nucleic Acids

DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid RNA: ribonucleic acid ATP: adenosine triphosphate

Nucleic Acids Monomers are called nucleotides Each nucleotide has 3 parts ◦ nitrogen-containing base ◦ monosaccharide ribose ◦ phosphate

Nucleic Acids Five kinds of bases ◦ Adenine ◦ Guanine ◦ Thymine (in DNA only) ◦ Cytosine ◦ Uracil (in RNA only)

Nucleic Acids

DNA & RNA form the genetic material of an organism

ATP carries energy and provides to help many reactions in the cell