UNIT 3: BIOCHEMISTRY/ENZYMES Miss Sabia8A

Essential Question How do organic and inorganic compounds compare?

First things first… Element: a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom Compound: chemical substance formed by the combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions For example, H 2 O is made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom

First things first A chemical formula tells us the type of elements that are in a compound and the ratio in which those atoms combine Glucose, C 6 H 12 O 6

Some quality bonding time… Hydrogen Bonds: weak bonds of attraction between the partially charged H atom and another partially charged atom – Between water molecules

Some quality bonding time… Ionic Bonds Electron transfer due to electrical attraction between ions Form cations (+) and anions (-) Covalent Bonds Electron sharing Can be polar (unequal sharing) or nonpolar (equal sharing) Electronegativity: “greediness” for electrons; attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond

Organic Compounds CONTAIN CARBON!! Most also contain hydrogen Associated with living things

Why is carbon so special? Think of carbon as the jack-of-all-trades Has potential to form many kinds and combinations of bonds with many different atoms—able to form 4 covalent bonds

Essential Question What are the four classes of organic molecules?

The Macromolecules Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Proteins Lipids

Carbs

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acid

Proteins-Amino Acid

Protein

Activity You will make a placemat about the 4 types of carbon molecules. Include: 1. a picture of a food that contains each type of molecule (you may not be able to find one for nucleic acids, which is fine). 2. For each molecule, include a description, as well as a drawing of what the actual carbon molecule looks like. 3. Your placemats will be laminated and ready for you to use!

Do Now Name as many functions of a protein as you can…

Essential Question How is a protein’s function determined?

How do we get these macromolecules? When we eat, large organic food molecules such as proteins and starches must initially be broken down to enter cells Proteins  amino acids Starches  simple sugars These nutrients can now enter the cell and be used as building blocks of compounds needed for life

Vocabulary Monomer: single unit Polymer: many monomers

Reactions Dehydration synthesis: joining molecules together, results in loss of water Hydrolysis: breakdown of polymers through the addition of water

A closer look at Proteins SHAPE DETERMINES FUNCTION!!!!!! 4 levels of protein structure – 1. primary – 2. secondary – 3. tertiary – 4. quaternary

Primary Structure Amino acid sequence

Secondary Struture Coiling or folding of the a.a. sequence due to hydrogen bonds

Tertiary Structure Irregular contortions from interactions between side chains (aka R groups) This involves… – Hydrogen bonding – Ionic bonding – Hydrophobic interactions

Tertiary Structure

Quaternary Structure Grouping of polypeptide chains

SHAPE DETERMINES FUNCTION INSULIN

How is the structure determined? Structure depends on the environment – pH – Temp – Salt []

Denaturation A poor environment may result in denaturation (breaking of a protein) – Cooking an egg – Getting a fever

It all comes down to amino acids What do you think happens if you change the sequence of amino acids?

Essential Question What is the role of enzymes in a chemical reaction?

Essential Question What factors affect the rate of enzymatic reactions?