MACROMOLECULES

Metabolic Processes Metabolism is the sum of all biological processes. There are 2 major metabolic processes Anabolism – the building up of complex molecules Catabolism – the breaking down of complex molecules

Macromolecules Large organic molecules (made of carbon) Known as polymers Made up of smaller “building blocks” – monomers Formed through a process known as dehydration synthesis Forms polymers by combining monomers by removing water Separated through a process known as hydrolysis Monomers are separated through the addition of water

4 Major Types of Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

After watching the video, with your partner, identify 2 examples of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates Sugar molecules (ranging from small sugars to large sugars) Have the molecular formula (CH 2 O) n

Carbohydrates Monomers – monosaccharides: a single sugar unit Polymers – disaccharides (two sugar units) and polysaccharides (many sugar units) glucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

Carbohydrate - Function Main source of energy for the body Provide short term energy – will be used up in short periods of time Structure/Support – make up the cell wall in plants Examples: Starch, glucose, cellulose

Check for Understanding: With your partner, identify the following as polymers or monomers.

Lipids Compounds that are not soluble in water General structure of a lipid Unsaturated fatty acids – have single C-C bonds Saturated fatty acids – have at least 1 double C-C bond

Lipids Monomers – triglycerides Made up of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids No polymers H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 =

Lipids - functions Long term energy storage Protection against heat loss Major component of membranes (phospholipids) Examples: cholesterol, oils, waxes

Check for Understanding: With your partner, label the fatty acids below as either saturated or unsaturated.

Proteins Polypeptide chains made from amino acids Have a 3 dimensional globular shape Amino acids are made of carbon, hydrogen, amino group, carboxyl acid, variable R group

Proteins Monomer – amino acids 2 types of amino acids Essential – cannot be made by the body (need to be consumed) Non-essential – can be made by the body Polymer – polypeptide chain

Proteins - function Storage Transport of materials Movement: muscles Enzymes: aid in cellular reactions Defense: antibodies (defend your body from infections) Examples: enzymes, hormones

With your partner, place a star next to each of the structures below that is an amino acid and tell me why.

Nucleic Acids Compounds that are made up of nucleotides O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose)

Nucleic Acids Monomers – nucleotides Polymer – DNA/RNA DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid Genetic material Codes for proteins RNA – ribonucleic acid Reads the DNA Makes proteins

Nucleic Acids - Function Store genetic information Transmit heredity Examples: DNA & RNA

Check for Understanding: With your partner, place a star next to each of the structures below that represent the nitrogenous base component of a nucleotide. Be sure to include why.