Chapter 2 Building Scientific Knowledge Essential Question How does scientific knowledge change? Essential Question How does scientific knowledge change?

Lesson1: Scientific Thinking Keep in mind What attitudes helps you think scientifically? What is a Scientific Reasoning? What is the source of Scientific Knowledge?

Scientific Thinking Fun fact: “New Water”  Sometimes a scientific discovery sounds too good to be true. In the 1960s, Russian scientists announced they found a new form of water called polywater, which formed after heating water and letting it condense in very thin quartz tubes. The “new” water was thicker. It had a higher density, a higher boiling point, and a lower freezing point than regular water. Scientists rushed to find out more about polywater. But as more experiments were conducted, other scientists found that polywater was just regular water contaminated by other substances. Finally, even the scientists who had discovered polywater admitted that it did not exist! They had been misled by poorly controlled experiments and problems with experimental procedures. Fun fact: “New Water”  Sometimes a scientific discovery sounds too good to be true. In the 1960s, Russian scientists announced they found a new form of water called polywater, which formed after heating water and letting it condense in very thin quartz tubes. The “new” water was thicker. It had a higher density, a higher boiling point, and a lower freezing point than regular water. Scientists rushed to find out more about polywater. But as more experiments were conducted, other scientists found that polywater was just regular water contaminated by other substances. Finally, even the scientists who had discovered polywater admitted that it did not exist! They had been misled by poorly controlled experiments and problems with experimental procedures.

Scientific Thinking  Suppose you discovered a brand new substance. What, if anything, would you do before announcing it to the scientific community?

What attitudes helps you think scientifically?  An attitude is a state of mind. Scientists possess certain important attitudes, including curiosity, honesty, creativity, open-mindedness, skepticism, good ethics, and awareness of bias.

What attitudes helps you think scientifically?  One attitude that drives scientists is curiosity. Scientists want to learn more about the topics they study. Good scientists always report their observations and results truthfully.  Honesty is especially important when a scientist’s results go against previous ideas or predictions. Sometimes it takes creativity to find a solution to a problem.  One attitude that drives scientists is curiosity. Scientists want to learn more about the topics they study. Good scientists always report their observations and results truthfully.  Honesty is especially important when a scientist’s results go against previous ideas or predictions. Sometimes it takes creativity to find a solution to a problem.

What attitudes helps you think scientifically?  Creativity means coming up with inventive ways to solve problems or produce new things.  Scientists need to be open-minded, or capable of accepting new and different ideas. However, open-mindedness should always be balanced by skepticism, which is having an attitude of doubt.  Scientists need a strong sense of ethics, which refers to the rules that enable people to know right from wrong.  Creativity means coming up with inventive ways to solve problems or produce new things.  Scientists need to be open-minded, or capable of accepting new and different ideas. However, open-mindedness should always be balanced by skepticism, which is having an attitude of doubt.  Scientists need a strong sense of ethics, which refers to the rules that enable people to know right from wrong.

What attitudes helps you think scientifically? What scientists expect to find can influence, or bias, what they observe and how they interpret observations. Personal bias comes from a person’s likes and dislikes. Cultural bias stems from the culture in which a person grows up. Experimental bias is a mistake in the design of an experiment that makes a particular result more likely.

What is a Scientific Reasoning?  Scientific reasoning requires a logical way of thinking based on gathering and evaluating evidence.  Being objective means that you make decisions and draw conclusions based on available evidence. In contrast, being subjective means that personal feelings have entered into a decision or conclusion.  Scientific reasoning requires a logical way of thinking based on gathering and evaluating evidence.  Being objective means that you make decisions and draw conclusions based on available evidence. In contrast, being subjective means that personal feelings have entered into a decision or conclusion.

What is a Scientific Reasoning? There are two types of scientific reasoning.  Deductive reasoning is a way to explain things by starting with a general idea and then applying the idea to a specific observation.  Inductive reasoning uses specific observations to make generalizations. Scientists must be careful not to use faulty reasoning, because it can lead to faulty conclusions. There are two types of scientific reasoning.  Deductive reasoning is a way to explain things by starting with a general idea and then applying the idea to a specific observation.  Inductive reasoning uses specific observations to make generalizations. Scientists must be careful not to use faulty reasoning, because it can lead to faulty conclusions.

What is a Scientific Reasoning? Did You Know? Did you know that deductive reasoning is used by detectives? Sherlock Holmes, a fictional detective in the novels and short stories of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, solved many mysteries using deductive reasoning. Did You Know? Did you know that deductive reasoning is used by detectives? Sherlock Holmes, a fictional detective in the novels and short stories of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, solved many mysteries using deductive reasoning.

What is the source of Scientific Knowledge?  Our knowledge of the natural world is always growing and changing. Scientific knowledge is based on an ever-growing collection of facts about the natural world, but it changes with new evidence or new interpretations.

Apply it!

Scientific stumbling blocks Scientific thinking involves working through the possible answers to a question in a logical way, based on gathering and evaluating evidence. The attitudes that help scientists do good research include:  Curiosity  Honesty  Creativity  A balance of open-mindedness and skepticism  A strong sense of right and wrong, or ethics Scientific thinking involves working through the possible answers to a question in a logical way, based on gathering and evaluating evidence. The attitudes that help scientists do good research include:  Curiosity  Honesty  Creativity  A balance of open-mindedness and skepticism  A strong sense of right and wrong, or ethics

Scientific stumbling blocks Scientists have to avoid or overcome stumbling blocks, or obstacles, to scientific thinking. Here’s a list of common stumbling blocks that scientists have to avoid. Bias: Allowing what you hope or expect to happen to influence your analysis of actual results.  Personal bias involves the influence of your own likes and dislikes.  Cultural bias is influence from the culture in which you grow up.  Experimental bias is a mistake in the design of an experiment that makes a particular result more likely.  Subjectivity: Letting personal feelings, values, opinions, or tastes enter into a decision or conclusion.  Faulty reasoning : Basing a conclusion on too little data.  Poor ethics: Failing to consider, or to be truthful about, your research, as well as the impacts it may have on people and the environment. Scientists have to avoid or overcome stumbling blocks, or obstacles, to scientific thinking. Here’s a list of common stumbling blocks that scientists have to avoid. Bias: Allowing what you hope or expect to happen to influence your analysis of actual results.  Personal bias involves the influence of your own likes and dislikes.  Cultural bias is influence from the culture in which you grow up.  Experimental bias is a mistake in the design of an experiment that makes a particular result more likely.  Subjectivity: Letting personal feelings, values, opinions, or tastes enter into a decision or conclusion.  Faulty reasoning : Basing a conclusion on too little data.  Poor ethics: Failing to consider, or to be truthful about, your research, as well as the impacts it may have on people and the environment.

Scientific stumbling blocks Cultural Bias

Scientific stumbling blocks Faulty Reasoning

Scientific stumbling blocks Faulty Reasoning Poor ethics Experimental bias

Lesson 2: Scientist at Work Keep in mind What background and interest do scientist have? What are some careers that use science? Why do scientist work together?

Scientist at work “I want nut!” is how Alex, an African grey parrot, would tell Dr. Irene Pepperberg that he wanted a treat. Alex was a part of Dr. Pepperberg’s research about how parrots communicate with humans. Dr. Pepperberg first became interested in birds when her father gave her a green parakeet for her fourth birthday. Later, while she was finishing a degree in chemistry, Dr. Pepperberg heard about people studying how animals communicate with humans. She decided to research communication with African grey parrots. Dr. Pepperberg worked with Alex for thirty years until his death. Over his lifetime, Alex learned 150 English words and could count up to eight!

 Scientists come from all kinds of backgrounds and have many different talents, interests, and goals. For example, some scientists are interested in studying rocks and minerals. Others want to know how insects work together.  Scientists come from all kinds of backgrounds and have many different talents, interests, and goals. For example, some scientists are interested in studying rocks and minerals. Others want to know how insects work together. What background and interest do scientist have?

He is blind on one eye, so it was easier for him to study small animals, such as insects.

What are some careers that use science?  Many careers require knowledge of science. Even non-science careers may require some knowledge of science.  Firefighters use science to study how wind affects fire.  Musicians use science to understand how sound is produced.  Electricians use science to make sure homes and other buildings stay safe.  Many careers require knowledge of science. Even non-science careers may require some knowledge of science.  Firefighters use science to study how wind affects fire.  Musicians use science to understand how sound is produced.  Electricians use science to make sure homes and other buildings stay safe.

Why do scientist work together?  Scientists use their different skills and interests to work together to solve problems. Most scientific questions need the work of scientists from many fields to answer them.  When scientists work together to solve problems, they can more easily reach their goal of understanding the natural world.  Scientists use their different skills and interests to work together to solve problems. Most scientific questions need the work of scientists from many fields to answer them.  When scientists work together to solve problems, they can more easily reach their goal of understanding the natural world.

Science in Real World Apply it !

Questions?