Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 13 Therapy James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

Therapy zPsychotherapy yan emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties zEclectic Approach yan approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses or integrates techniques from various forms of therapy (Also called psychotherapy integration)

Therapy- Psychoanalysis zPsychoanalysis yFreud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences – and the therapist’s interpretations of them – released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight yuse has rapidly decreased in recent years zResistance yblocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Therapy- Psychoanalysis zInterpretation ythe analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight zTransference ythe patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships xe.g. love or hatred for a parent

Humanist Therapy zPerson-Centered Therapy yhumanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers ytherapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth zActive Listening yempathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

Behavior Therapy zBehavior Therapy ytherapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors zCounterconditioning yprocedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors ybased on classical conditioning yincludes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning

Behavior Therapy zSystematic Desensitization ytype of counterconditioning yassociates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli ycommonly used to treat phobias zAversive Conditioning ytype of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior ynausea ---> alcohol

Behavior Therapy zSystematic Desensitization Pulse rate in beats per minute Time

Behavior Therapy zAversion therapy for alcoholics CS+ UCS (drug in alcohol) CR (nausea) CS (alcohol) CR (nausea)

Behavior Therapy zToken Economy yan operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior ypatient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats

Cognitive Therapy zCognitive Therapy yteaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting ybased on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Cognitive Therapy zThe Cognitive Revolution

Cognitive Therapy zRational-Emotive Therapy yconfrontational cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis yvigorously challenges people’s illogical, self- defeating attitudes and assumptions yalso called rational-emotive behavior therapy by Ellis, emphasizing a behavioral “homework” component

Cognitive Therapy zA cognitive perspective on psychological disorders Lost job Internal beliefs (“I’m worthless.” “It’s hopeless.”) Depression Lost job Internal beliefs “My boss is a jerk. I deserve something better.” No depression

Cognitive Therapy zCognitive therapy for depression Pre-therapy test Post-therapy test Depression scores Cognitive training patients Waiting list patients

Group Therapies zFamily Therapy ytreats the family as a system yviews an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members yencourages family members toward positive relationships and improved communication

Who Does Therapy? zTo whom do people turn for help for psychological difficulties?

Who Does Therapy? Therapists and Their Training Type Description Psychiatrist Physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders. Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s they can prescribe medications. Thus, they tend to see those with the most serious problems. Many have private practice. Clinical Most are psychologists with a Ph.D. and expertise in research, psychologists assessment, and therapy, supplemented by a supervised internship. About half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practice. Clinical or A two-year Master of Social Work graduate program plus psychiatric postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer Social workers psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems. About half have earned the National Association of Social Workers’ designation of clinical social worker. Counselors Marriage and family counselors specialize in problems arising from family relations. Pastoral counselors provide counseling to countless people. Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims.

Does Therapy Work? zMeta-analysis yprocedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies 80% of untreated people have poorer outcomes than the average treated person Number of persons Average psychotherapy client Average untreated person Poor outcome Good outcome

Biomedical Therapies zPsychopharmacology ystudy of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior zLithium ychemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders

Biomedical Therapies Prozac blocks normal reuptake of the neuro- transmitter serotonin; excess serotonin in dynapse enhances its mood-lifting effect. Vesicles containing neurotrans- mitters Sending neuron Action potential Neurotransmitter molecule Synaptic gap Receptors Receiving neuron Reuptake Prozac Message is sent across synaptic gap. Message is received; excess neurotransmitter molecules are reabsorbed by sending neuron. Serotonin

Biomedical Therapies zElectroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) ytherapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient zPsychosurgery ysurgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior ylobotomy xnow-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients

Biomedical Therapies Comparing Treatments for Depression Cognitive Antidepressant Electroconvulsive Therapy Drugs Therapy Percent marked Improvement 60-80% 60-80% 80% Relapse rate moderate moderate to high moderate to high Side effects none moderate severe Time scale months weeks days Overall very good useful to very good useful to very good