The Expansion of Education chapter 9, section 1

Growth of Public Schools Importance of literacy (1 st step toward success)Importance of literacy (1 st step toward success) 1870s1870s –Leaving school at an early age –2% of 17-year-olds graduated HS –Rural: November to April only

Growth of Public Schools Industry grows after Civil WarIndustry grows after Civil War –People move to cities –Emphasis on education By 1910, attendance rate = 60%By 1910, attendance rate = 60%

School Days One-room school housesOne-room school houses –Ages 6 to 14 years old –1 teacher (older students taught younger) –Mostly rote memorization (reading aloud & repeating) –Subjects (geography, history, R, R, R)

Immigrants Assimilation for childrenAssimilation for children –English literacy –American cultural values (thrift, patriotism, & hard work) –Traditional American cooking –Traditional American games Some resisted (Catholic school)Some resisted (Catholic school)

Uneven Support Separate schools for whites and blacksSeparate schools for whites and blacks –Minority schools received less money Virtually no schooling for Native Americans. Those that attended:Virtually no schooling for Native Americans. Those that attended: –Gave up their language –Gave up their dress –Gave up their customs/culture

Who would go? During the late 1800’s and early 1900’s only the extremely wealthy would attend college

Higher Education new colleges/universities open new colleges/universities open Wealthy contributions to educationWealthy contributions to education –Stanford –Rockefeller Enrollment doubles ( )Enrollment doubles ( ) –Soon middle-income families send kids

Texas State University – 1899

Women & Higher Ed. Private women’s colleges established by philanthropistsPrivate women’s colleges established by philanthropists 1880/90s: pressure to admit women1880/90s: pressure to admit women –Some, yes; others, no. Attending college was a struggleAttending college was a struggle Social prejudice against womenSocial prejudice against women –Too independent  “unmarriageable”

African Americans Many wanted to enroll, but few schools allowed it.Many wanted to enroll, but few schools allowed it. Attending college was a struggleAttending college was a struggle Total enrollment (1890) = 160Total enrollment (1890) = 160 Most were at African American colleges (established during Reconstruction)Most were at African American colleges (established during Reconstruction) –By 1900, there were 2,000 graduates.

Black Education Opinions 2 famous African American college graduates:2 famous African American college graduates: –Booker T. Washington –W.E.B. Du Bois 2 very different perspectives2 very different perspectives

Booker T. Washington “To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition… I would say: ‘Cast down your bucket where you are’ …No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem”

Booker T. Washington Founded Tuskegee Institute (Alabama, 1881)Founded Tuskegee Institute (Alabama, 1881) Focus:Focus: –Building economic security & vocational skills –Not on political equality Popular w/ whitesPopular w/ whites

W.E.B. Du Bois “I insist that the true object of all true education is not to make men carpenters, it is to make carpenters men….”

W.E.B. Du Bois “…The Talented Tenth of the Negro race must be made leaders of thought and missionaries of culture among their people. No others can do this work and Negro colleges must train men for it.” blacks must educate themselves to lead the fight for civil rightsblacks must educate themselves to lead the fight for civil rights

W.E.B. Du Bois Harvard PhDHarvard PhD The Talented TenthThe Talented Tenth Political/social equality & civil rightsPolitical/social equality & civil rights Liberal arts (not vocational)Liberal arts (not vocational) Pride in heritagePride in heritage Niagara Movement (1905)Niagara Movement (1905)

Niagara Movement Met on Canadian side of Niagara FallsMet on Canadian side of Niagara Falls Called for:Called for: –Full civil rights –End to racial discrimination Led to the formation of NAACPLed to the formation of NAACP –fights segregation through the court system.

New Entertainment chapter 9, section 2

FlowchartIndustrialization Urbanization Recreation New Commercial Recreation Industry

Vaudeville / Minstrel Show VaudevilleVaudeville –Inexpensive variety show –Comic sketches ( racial/ethnic humor ), song/dance, magic acts Minstrel ShowsMinstrel Shows –Blackface ( perpetuation of black stereotypes )

Movies –8,000 nickelodeons (theaters set up in converted stores or warehouses that charged a nickel for admission) –200,000 viewers daily Movies continue to get bigger and betterMovies continue to get bigger and better

Circus –The circus train: traveling circus –“Advance men” promote the show days in advance, drawing in huge crowds. –Running away to join the circus

Amusement Parks Advances in trolley technologyAdvances in trolley technology –Trolleys extended to lesser populated areas –“Trolley Parks” at the end of the line ½ day off on Saturdays (more common)½ day off on Saturdays (more common) Music, games of skill, rides, beaches, vaudevilleMusic, games of skill, rides, beaches, vaudeville

Sports BaseballBaseball –By far the most popular –Development of leagues –1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings (first professional team)

Sports Football (1880s)Football (1880s) –Walter Camp began adapting rugby Basketball (1891)Basketball (1891) –Invented by Dr. James Naismith, a PE teacher in Springfield, Mass. WomenWomen –Played, but not equally encouraged

Reading NewspapersNewspapers –Easier printing  mass production –Now w/comics, sports, pictures, etc. –Become big business  more competition = sales tactics change

Reading Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism –sensational mass coverage (murders, vice, scandals, etc.) –Reference to yellow ink in a popular comic strip of the era

Reading MagazinesMagazines Popular FictionPopular Fiction –Dime novels –Social protest novels –Humorous novels

Music Negro SpiritualNegro Spiritual –African American folk music –Acceptable to whites Ragtime/Jazz (New Orleans)Ragtime/Jazz (New Orleans) home –Player piano, phonograph