World History 2 SOL review3 Scientific Revolution- Culture in the 1800s

Scientific Revolution Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature Formulation of the scientific method Expansion of scientific knowledge

Scientists Copernicus-heliocentric theory Kepler- Planetary motion (planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits) Galileo- Used telescope to support scientific theory Newton-discovered the laws of gravity Harvey- circulation of blood

Absolutism Definition- a monarch who has complete control over the country and people (centralization of power) + divine right(power to rule comes from God) Peter the Great- westernization of Russia Louis XIV- Palace of Versailles (symbol of royal power)/Sun king Fredrick the Great- military power

Enlightenment Definition- Applied reason to the human world, not just the natural world Results- Stimulated religious tolerance + fueled democratic revolutions around the world (American Revolution, French Revolution, Latin American Revolution)

Thomas Hobbes Wrote Leviathan State of nature- People are evil Social contract- people give up nature and form governments to control them ( absolute monarchs)

John Locke Wrote Two Treatises on Government Power to rule comes from the people Monarchs are not chosen by God Social Contract- people form governments to protect their rights ( life liberty, and property)

Montesquieu Wrote The Spirit of the Laws Separation of powers Checks and Balances

Rousseau Wrote The Social Contract Government is a contact between people and rulers

Voltaire Separation of church and state Freedom of Speech

English Civil War English kings wanted to be absolute monarchs Parliament prevented kings from being absolute monarchs ( Parliaments controlled money) Charles I forced to sign Petition of Right- King cannot raise taxes without parliaments consent and king cannot imprison anyone without just cause Charles I led troops into parliament- Civil War Charles I executed

Commonwealth Oliver Cromwell ruled England after the execution of Charles I

Glorious Revolution James II- too Catholic for England Parliament forced James II to flee and invite William and Mary (James's II daughter) to rule England if they accepted the English Bill of Rights England – limited monarch and a powerful Parliament

French Revolution Causes- Influence of Enlightenment ideas + American Revolution + Old Regime Events- Storming the Bastille + Reign of Terror (executed over 40,000 people with the guillotine) Outcomes- End of absolute monarchy of Louis XVI + Rise of Napoleon

Impact of French Revolution French and American revolutions influenced revolutions in Central/South America Haiti, Venezuela, Chile, Peru, Mexico, Brazil get independence – Touissant L’Ouverture- Haiti’s independence – Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin- liberated South America Monroe Doctrine-American declaration that if the Europeans get in the way of Latin American Independence, the Americans will declare war

Artists, Philosophers, and Writers + new Technologies Bach- Baroque composer Mozart- Classical composer Delacroix- Romantic Painter Cervantes- Novelist – Don Quixote New forms of Art and literature- Paintings depicted classical subjects, public events, and living people ( portraits) + novel Technologies- All weather roads (year round transportation) + new farm tools + improved ship designs

Congress of Vienna- Legacy of Napoleon Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French Domination Napoleonic Code Awakened feelings of national pride and growth of nationalism

Congress of Vienna- Legacy of Congress of Vienna Balance of power- no country should dominate Europe Restoration of monarchs-legitimacy New Political Map- New boundaries New Philosophies- Conservatives and liberals

Rise of Nationalism National Pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism Congress of Vienna- led to discontent in Europe( did not include nationalists and liberals)

Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 Liberal- Change government National- homeland France constitutional monarch (liberal revolution) Belgium gained indepencence

Italy Cavour- prime minister of Sardinia( organized unification of Italy) Garibaldi- Leader of the red shirts + conquered Kingdom of the Two sicillies Papal states- last to join Italy

Germany Bismarck- prime minister of Prussia (responsible for the unification of Germany) Realpolitiks- do whatever it takes to get and hold power Franco- Prussia War led to the unification of Germany and italy