1 CHAPTER 6 – THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

2 SECTION 2 – THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE

JOURNAL What does this quote mean to you? “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.” -Voltaire 3

THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE The Scientific Revolution creates an environment where scholars and philosophers begin to reevaluate old ideas about other aspects of society Government, religion, economics, and education Enlightenment – a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems Mid 1700s 4

PAGES 195 – 200 With your partner, read and complete guided reading for chapter 6 section 2 5

JOURNAL IdeaThinkerImpact Natural rights – life, liberty, property Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Independence MontesquieuFound in U.S. Constitution + French Dec. of the Rights of Man and Citizen Freedom of thought and expression Beccaria Religious freedom Wollstonecraft 6

PARTNER ASSIGNMENT Copy quote at the top of a separate sheet of paper On one side create an image to illustrate it You can use cartoons, actions with words, etc. On the back write 3-4 sentences explaining the quote One partner writes the paragraph and the other works on the illustration 7

#1 THOMAS HOBBES Without governments, there would be “war… of every man against every man.” 8

#2 VOLTAIRE “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.” 9

#3 BARON DE MONTESQUIEU “Power should be a check to power.” 10

#4 JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” 11

#5 MARY ASTELL “If absolute sovereignty be not necessary in a state, how come it to be so in a family?... If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?” 12

13 THE ENLIGHTENMENT SPREADS SECTION 3

How do you learn about new ideas? 14

A WORLD OF IDEAS Paris, France = intellectual capital of Europe Rich women organize social gatherings (salons) where intellects discuss ideas Diderot’s Encyclopedia (1751) – a collection of Enlightenment ideas 15

THE ARTS Transition from grand, colorful, and elaborate designs to more classical (simple + elegant) Baroque -> neoclassical 16

NEW ARTISTIC STYLES BaroqueNeoclassical 17

MUSIC Dramatic -> a lighter/more elegant style 18

HAYDN Developed the sonata + symphony 19

MOZART New standard for elegance and originality Numerous musical compositions 20

BEETHOVEN Moved from Mozart’s classical style into the Age of Romanticism 21

WRITERS Europeans start writing novels 22

MONARCHIES Enlightened despots – absolute rulers who embraced Enlightenment ideas Frederick the Great – (Prussia) – strengthens and reforms his country Grants religious freedom, improves education, abolishes torture Joseph II (Austria) abolishes serfdom, freedom of the press, freedom of religion Catherin the Great (Russia) creates commission to enact reforms but none are carried out 23

24 SECTION 4 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

BRITAIN AND ITS AMERICAN COLONIES Enlightenment ideals from Europe make their way to the colonies By mid-1700s the colonists had been living in American for 150 years Colonies had their own governments Felt independent Felt like Pennsylvanians and not British subjects 25

AMERICANS WIN INDEPENDENCE French and Indian War = French (with Native Americans) vs. the British (American colonists) Fighting for land in North America Britain wins but accumulates a large debt British Parliament passes the Stamp Act to raise money Tax on wills, newspapers, printed materials Colonists had never paid taxes to the British govt. before “no taxation without representation” 26

AMERICANS CREATE A REPUBLIC First set of laws governing the U.S. = Articles of Confederation No executive or judicial branches Legislative = Congress Each state has one vote Declare war Make money Could not collect taxes 27

AMERICANS CREATE A REPUBLIC Constitutional Convention – 1787 – 55 delegates write a new constitution Montesquieu – legislative, executive, judicial branch Checks and balances Federal system – power divided between state and national governments 28

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AMERICANS CREATE A REPUBLIC Federalists want a strong national government Antifederalists want a Bill of Rights (1 st ten amendments of the Constitution) added before they will ratify (approve) Governments can work with reason and reform Enlightenment ideas put into practice 30

ASSIGNMENT Page 211 Questions 3,4,6,7 31