Memory Chapter 7

What Is Memory?Memory Use for the Short TermLong-Term Memory: Encoding and RetrievalStructures in Long-Term MemoryBiological Aspects of Memory Chapter 7 Preview

Memory Capacity to encode, store, and retrieve information What is Memory?

Types of Memory Explicit Memory Conscious effort to recover information Implicit Memory Availability of information through memory without conscious effort

Types of Memory Declarative Memory Information (e.g. facts and events) Procedural Memory How tasks are carried out

Memory Processes Encoding Mental representation is formed in memory Storage Retention of encoded material Retrieval Recovery of stored information

What’s Wrong With This Picture?

The Flow of Information In and Out of Long Term Memory

Let’s do a demonstration of the impermanence of some memories!

Look at the following visual scene for about 10 seconds …

How much can you remember from this scene?

Memory Use for the Short -Term What tool was the little boy at the bottom holding?What is the middle man at the top doing? In the lower right hand corner, does the woman’s umbrella handle hook to the left or to the right?

Iconic Memory Visual memory Eidetic imagery George Sperling Partial-report procedure

Recall by the Partial-Report Method

Short –Term Memory Short-term Memory Preservation of recent experiences Retrieval of information from long- term memory

Short –Term Memory Capacity Limits of STM Memory SpanGeorge Miller 7 (plus or minus 2)

Short –Term Memory RehearsalMaintenance rehearsalChunking Process of reconfiguring items by grouping them on basis of similarity or some other organizing principle

Short-Term Memory Recall without Rehearsal

Reasoning and language comprehension Phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive, episodic buffer (Baddeley, 2002, 2003) Working Memory

Sample Item from a Test of Operation Span

Long-Term Memory Long-term Memory (LTM) Storehouse of all experiences, events, information, emotions, skills words, categories, rules, and judgments acquired from sensory and short term memories Preservation of information for retrieval at any later time

Long-Term Memory Retrieval CuesRecallRecognition

Long-Term Memory Episodic memory Memories for things personally experienced Semantic memory Generic, categorical memories

Dimensions of Long-Term Memory

Context and Encoding Subsequent retrieval of information IF cues retrieved at time of recall are consistent with those present at time of encoding Encoding Specificity

Context and Encoding Recall of beginning and end items in list Primacy Effect Recency Effect Serial Position Effect

Context and Encoding Extent to which particular item stands out from or is distinct from other items in time Temporal Distinctiveness

Process of Encoding and Retrieval Levels of Processing Information processed at deeper level is more likely to be retained

Processes of Encoding and Retrieval Transfer-appropriate Processing Memory is best when type of processing carried out at encoding matches processes carried out at retrieval

Processes of Encoding and Retrieving Levels of Processing Theory Suggests the deeper the level at which information is processed, the more likely it is to be retrieved in memory

Why We Forget “Facts crammed at examination time soon vanish, if they were not grounded by other study and later subjected to a sufficient review.” (Hermann Ebbinghaus, 1865)

Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve

Why We Forget Interference Retrieval cues do not point effectively to one specific memory Proactive interference Information acquired in past makes it more difficult to acquire new information Retroactive interference Acquisition of new information makes it difficult to remember old information

Proactive and Retroactive Interference

Improving Memory for Unstructured Information Elaborative Rehearsal Improving memory by enriching encoding of information Mnemonics Method of Loci Peg-word Method Metamemory Cue familiarity Hypothesis Accessibility Hypothesis

Critical Thinking in Your Life How can memory research help you prepare for exams? Refer to page 192 of your text to find out!

Memory Structures CategorizationConceptsPrototypesHierarchiesBasic LevelsSchemas Structures in Long Term Memory

Hierarchically Organized Structure of Concepts

Using Memory Structures PrototypeExemplars Structures in Long Term Memory

Theories of Categorization

Reconstructive MemoryLevelingSharpeningAssimilating Remembering: Reconstructive Process

Flashbulb Memory Richly detailed memory in response to personal or public events that have great emotional significance Remembering: Reconstructive Process

Psychology in Your Life How can you benefit from the “testing effect”?

Eyewitness Memory Elizabeth Loftus Misinformation effect Remembering: Reconstructive Process

Biological Aspects of Memory Cerebellum Striatum Cerebral cortex The Engram

Biological Aspects of Memory Amygdala and Hippocampus Declarative memory of facts, dates, and names Memories of emotional significance The Engram

Brain Structure Involved in Memory

Memory Disorders Failure of memory caused by physical injury, disease, drug use, or psychological trauma Anterograde Retrograde Amnesia

Brain Imaging PET Scans Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Brain Activity for Encoding and Retrieval

Recapping Chapter 7 Main Points Types of memory Memory process What Is Memory? Iconic memory Short-term memory Working memory Memory for the Short Term

Recapping Chapter 7 Main Points Retrieval cues Context and encoding Encoding and retrieval Why we forget Improving memory Metamemory Long-Term Memory: Encoding and Retrieval

Recapping Chapter 7 Main Points Memory structures Remembering as a reconstructive process Structures in Long-Term Memory Searching for the engram Amnesia Brain imaging Biological Aspects of Memory