Chapter 18 Part 3 The Enlightenment

Women in the Enlightenment Women played a major role in the Salon Movement Women played a major role in the Salon Movement Many of the best and brightest of the Enlightenment assembled in salons to discuss major issues of the day Many of the best and brightest of the Enlightenment assembled in salons to discuss major issues of the day Hosted by wealthy women who sometimes took part in discussions AND were patrons as well: Hosted by wealthy women who sometimes took part in discussions AND were patrons as well:

Women in the Enlightenment Madame de Geoffren: A big patron of Diderot’s Encyclopedia Madame de Geoffren: A big patron of Diderot’s Encyclopedia Louise de Warens: Hostess and patron Louise de Warens: Hostess and patron Mary Wollestoncraft: (England) promoted political and educational equality for women Mary Wollestoncraft: (England) promoted political and educational equality for women

Women The Philosophes favored increased rights and education for women The Philosophes favored increased rights and education for women

The Later Enlightenment Late 18 th Century Became more skeptical Became more skeptical Baron Paul d’Holbach: System of Nature Baron Paul d’Holbach: System of Nature Argued that humans were like machines Argued that humans were like machines Our behavior, beliefs were completely determined by outside forces Our behavior, beliefs were completely determined by outside forces Philosophy: Determinism Philosophy: Determinism He was an atheist (undermined the Enlightenment) He was an atheist (undermined the Enlightenment)

David Hume Also undermined the Enlightenment’s emphasis on Reason Also undermined the Enlightenment’s emphasis on Reason Argued against faith in both natural law AND faith (religious) Argued against faith in both natural law AND faith (religious) Claimed that human ideas were merely the result of sensory experience and so…human reason could not go beyond what was experienced through the senses Claimed that human ideas were merely the result of sensory experience and so…human reason could not go beyond what was experienced through the senses

Jean de Condorcet Progress of the Human Mind Progress of the Human Mind Identified 9 stages of human progress that had already occurred and predicted that the 10 th stage would bring perfection Identified 9 stages of human progress that had already occurred and predicted that the 10 th stage would bring perfection His utopian ideas undermined the legitimacy of the Enlightenment His utopian ideas undermined the legitimacy of the Enlightenment

Rousseau Attacked rationalism and civilization as destroying rather than liberating the individual Attacked rationalism and civilization as destroying rather than liberating the individual The Father of Romantic Movement which celebrated emotion, instinct…nature (but not natural law or reason) The Father of Romantic Movement which celebrated emotion, instinct…nature (but not natural law or reason)

Immanuel Kant The greatest German philosopher of the Enlightenment The greatest German philosopher of the Enlightenment Separated science and morality into two separate branches Separated science and morality into two separate branches Science could describe nature but could not provide a guide for morality (limits to science) Science could describe nature but could not provide a guide for morality (limits to science)

Immanuel Kant The Categorical Imperative: was an intuitive instinct placed by God in the human conscience The Categorical Imperative: was an intuitive instinct placed by God in the human conscience Believed that both ethical sense and aesthetic appreciation in human beings were beyond the knowledge of science Believed that both ethical sense and aesthetic appreciation in human beings were beyond the knowledge of science Reason is just a function of the mind having no content in and of itself Reason is just a function of the mind having no content in and of itself

Classical Liberalism The political outgrowth of the Enlightenment The political outgrowth of the Enlightenment Belief in liberty of the individual and equality before the law BUT NOT DEMOCRACY Belief in liberty of the individual and equality before the law BUT NOT DEMOCRACY “Natural Rights” philosophy played a profound role in the American and French Revolutions “Natural Rights” philosophy played a profound role in the American and French Revolutions

Classical Liberalism Impact of Locke and Montesquieu was obvious in the American Constitution and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man Impact of Locke and Montesquieu was obvious in the American Constitution and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man Rousseau’s “General Will” influenced the French Revolution after 1791 (the Reign of Terror) Rousseau’s “General Will” influenced the French Revolution after 1791 (the Reign of Terror)

Classical Liberalism Belief in laissez-faire capitalism (Adam Smith) Belief in laissez-faire capitalism (Adam Smith) Government should not interfere in the economy Government should not interfere in the economy Opposite of Mercantilism (Hobbes) Opposite of Mercantilism (Hobbes)

Classical Liberalism Belief in progress through reason and education Belief in progress through reason and education Progress: human dignity and happiness (Declaration of Independence: Pursuit of Happiness) Progress: human dignity and happiness (Declaration of Independence: Pursuit of Happiness)

Classical Liberalism Religious toleration Religious toleration Freedom of speech and the press Freedom of speech and the press Just punishments for crimes Just punishments for crimes Equality before the law Equality before the law

Reaction to Rational Religion German Pietism: argued for spiritual conversion, personal religious experience…back to faith German Pietism: argued for spiritual conversion, personal religious experience…back to faith Methodism: taught that humans needed spiritual regeneration and that a moral life would demonstrate that one was “Born Again” Methodism: taught that humans needed spiritual regeneration and that a moral life would demonstrate that one was “Born Again” Founder: John Wesley Founder: John Wesley

Religious Reaction to the Enlightenment New Christian groups opposed the Enlightenment Fear that spirituality was on the decline due to the teaching of secular and deist views Wanted to recapture spiritual and emotional zeal

Reaction to Rational Religion Jansenism: (Catholic sect in France who had incorporated predestination into their beliefs…had been persecuted by Louis XIV) Jansenism: (Catholic sect in France who had incorporated predestination into their beliefs…had been persecuted by Louis XIV) Argued against the idea of an uninvolved and impersonal God Argued against the idea of an uninvolved and impersonal God In the U.S.: The Second Great Awakening In the U.S.: The Second Great Awakening