 Reason › People started to question the teachings of the church  Natural Law  Hope  Progress

 Wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding › Argued that every person is born with a blank mind.  Thought that if people were introduced to new and better influences then there could be a better society.

 Has major influence on the development of epistemology and political philosophy  Thought of as the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers

 Wrote PhilosophiaeNaturalis Principia Mathematica › Described Universal Gravitation and the three laws of motion  Built the first practical reflecting telescope  Helped invent calculus

 Worked on the Biblical Hermeneutics › He was a very religious man  He and John Locke were good friends  Member of Parliament of England › From

 Born January 10, 1755 in Bordeaux  Studied at the Catholic College of Juilly  Most Famous for his book The Spirit of the Laws › Came up with the separation of powers

 He used the scientific method to find natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of humans  He identified 3 kinds of governments: › Republics › Despotism › Monarchies

 Republics were suitable for small states  Despotism was suitable for large states  Monarchies were ideal for mid-sized states  He also came up with the idea of the system of checks and balances

 Born François-Marie Arouet  Born into a noble family  Went to a prestigious college › He was fluent in French, English, and Spanish  First used the name Voltaire as a pen name

 He was a popular writer › Wrote Plays, Poetry, Novels, Essays, historical and scientific books, and much more  Known for his criticism of Christianity and belief in religious tolerance

 Born October 5, 1713  Went to the University of Paris › Father wanted him to become a lawyer  Instead he became a writer  Most famous for writing the Encyclopedia › Changed the way people thought of things.

 Wrote The Wealth of Nations  The book talked about how the state should not interfere with the economy  He gave the government 3 basic rules › It should protect society from invasion

› The government should defend citizens from injustice › It should deal with some public works such as roads, schools, and canals  He has been called the founder of the social science of economics

 Wrote On Crimes and Punishment › Stated that punishment should not be exercises in brutality › Also said there should be no capital punishment  Was the first work of penology

 Most famous philosopher of the late enlightenment  Switched jobs a lot until he came to Paris and became a philosopher › Did not like the city and remained in solitude most of his time

 In his book The Social Contract he introduced the Social Contract › The book stated in a social contract, an entire society governs itself by its general will. › People who oppose have to be forced to agree to the government

 One of the first women to speak out about the rights of women  She is called the founder of the modern movement for women  She wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women › Talked about 2 problems that the enlightenment thinkers had

 Founder of Methodism  Had an encounter with God that caused him to become a missionary  Many Anglican churches were closed to him so he preached outside or in halls  He traveled a lot and preached around 2 or 3 times a day  After hearing his sermons many people converted to the Methodist society  The Methodists helped in the abolition of slavery in the U.S

 2 most famous pieces of art were: › The Church of Fourteen Saints › The Residence  Neumann started to use new ideas and styles rather than the traditional ones › Rococo was the new artistic style that became popular

 The new art style Rococo was found in a lot of Antoine Watteau’s pieces  He depicted a nice dinner party where men and women dressed up and looked very happy  He tries to hide the sadness that was going on at the time

 Music director at the church of Saint Thomas in Leipzig  Most famous for his Mass in B Minor  More known for being an organist than a composer  His style on the piano was so different than anyone else’s that people were drawn to him

 Known for his religious music  His work, Messiah, was his best work  Used the Baroque musical style  At the age of 52, he had a stroke › Made his right arm temporarily paralyzed

 Was the director for Hungarian princes for the majority of his life  When he went to England he started to perform more for public places than private parties  His 2 greatest works of music were The Creation and The Four Seasons

 Was a child prodigy  He traveled around at a young age with his family performing  Later went on to write around 600 pieces of music  His inability to get a sponsor led to his downfall  He composed 3 of the greatest operas of all time › The Marriage of Figaro › The Magic Flute › Don Giovanni