© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Unit 13 Magnetism

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Metal or Magnet. What is the difference?  Which of the metal bars below is a magnet?  Now, let us take a closer, microscopic look.  Each metal bar has microscopic magnetic domains.  When these domains are randomly aligned, the bar is non- magnetic.  When these domains are aligned, the bar is a magnetic. 13-1

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Magnetic Poles  We say that a magnet has poles (ends).  One pole is named the North pole.  The other pole is named the South pole. 13-2

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Fundamental Law of Magnetism  Like poles repel, and unlike poles attract.  This law is “fundamental” in understanding the operation of many devices that use magnets or electromagnets.  Some of these devices include speakers, microphones, transformers, electromagnets, motors, generators, and solenoids.  We will look at these devices in detail in the coming slides. 13-3

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Magnetic Field Lines  Around every magnet there are many invisible lines known as magnetic field lines.  These lines influence other magnets and charged particles that may be in the vicinity of the magnet.  Watch what happens to the compass and the blue charged particle as they get near to the magnet. 13-4

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Magnetic Field Lines – Electric Charges  In the previous slide we saw that there is a magnetic field around a magnet.  We also observed that the path of a moving charged particle is deflected when it comes close to a magnet.  This deflection occurs because a charged particle in motion also has a magnetic field.  Indeed, we can think of a charged particle as being a tiny magnet with a north and south pole.  As a result, a charged particle obeys the fundamental law of magnetism.  Like poles repel, and unlike poles attract. 13-4b

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Interactions Between Electric and Magnetic Fields.  A wire that carries a current (flowing electrons) will bend when it passes through a magnetic field.  This image is a picture of a magnetic field traveling into the board.  Right now the current in the wire is off.  Lets turn off the magnetic field and turn on the current.  Now turn the magnetic field back on and watch what happens.  The wire bent. Why?  The magnetic field produced by moving electric charges interfered with the large magnetic field causing the wire to bend. 13-4c

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Motional Electromotive Force  In the picture below, the “x” represent a uniform magnetic field.  The gold rods are wires. The horizontal ones are electrically connected to a LED (light emitting diode).  Watch what happens as the vertical wire rod rolls through the magnetic field.  The LED lit up. Why do you think it did?  The magnetic field exerted a force on the electrons (which are “tiny magnets”) in the conductors causing them to move through the wires thereby lighting the LED. 13-5

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Motional Electromotive Force  In the same way, we can bend a beam of electrons by moving a magnet into close proximity to the beam.  Here is what we really want to understand: a magnetic field produced by a magnet causes electrons to move.  The fact is that moving electrons (or other charges) generate their own magnetic fields  These small magnetic fields are deflected by the magnetic field of the magnet.  As a result, the beam of electrons bends.

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Interactions Between Electric and Magnetic Fields.  The fact that moving electrons (or other charges) generate their own magnetic fields can be observed by viewing the device below.  Note that all the compasses are pointed in the same direction (towards the North)  When electrons flow through the wire, they create a magnetic field.  This magnetic field interacts with the compass needles (small magnets) causing them to change directions. Return

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Magnetic Induction  A coil of wire is wrapped around a nail as shown in the top picture below.  This coil of wire is attached to a power supply in which the current direction may be reversed.  The bottom nail shows the alignment of the magnetic domains in the top nail.  Watch what happens as the electrons flow through the coil of wire around the nail.  The domains slowly realigned until they were all pointed in the same direction.  The nail/wire coil combination has become and electromagnet (see next slide).  What will happen when we reverse the current in the coil of wire?  In this animation, we saw that moving electrons induced the magnetic dipoles to align.  This animation provides an example of magnetic induction. 13-8

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. The Electromagnetic  An electromagnetic is a magnet that you can turn off and on.  When the switch is closed, the current (moving electrons) flows through the wire.  Moving electrons (current) generate electric fields which in turn generate magnetic fields  These magnetic fields cause the magnetic domains in the metal to align creating a magnet.  When you open the switch, the domains realign themselves turning the magnet back into an ordinary piece of metal.

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. The Solenoid  A solenoid is simply a coil of wire.  Even though there is not a metal core (like an electromagnet), the electrons flowing through the wire still generate a magnetic field.  This field not only diverts the compasses below, but also it will attract metal as you will see on the next slide

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. The Solenoid  Look at the setup below. The solenoid is the device in the red rectangle.  Watch what happens when the switch is energized.  The metal plunger was drawn into the solenoid, and the weights were lifted

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Speakers and Microphones  Speakers and microphones are also electromagnetic devices. They rely on solenoids in order to emit and to capture sound.  They both have a cloth-like covering (diaphragm) impregnated with microscopic bits of metal.  Lets take a closer look at the operation of a speaker.  When an electron moves through a speaker, it sets up a magnetic field which attracts the metal bits in the diaphragm causing it to move in and to deform. When it relaxes, it emits a sound wave (longitudinal wave)

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Speakers and Microphones  Again, when an electron moves through a speaker, it sets up a magnetic field which attracts the metal bits in the diaphragm causing it to move and to emit a sound wave (longitudinal wave).  A microphone works in reverse.  When the sound wave hits the microphone diaphragm, it pushes it in making the electrons in the metal bits move through the magnetic field of the microphone. This action causes a signal in the microphone which can be captured and recorded

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Other Magnetic Devices  So far we have discussed the solenoid, the electromagnet, speakers, and microphones.  Each of the devices function on Direct Current (DC).  Direct current exists when the moving electrons move in one direction all of the time (like from a battery).  We now want to discuss transformers, motors, and generators.  All of these devices need Alternating Current (AC) to function.  Alternating current exists when the moving electrons periodically change directions while traveling through a conductor (wire).  The following slide will illustrate what happens in an electromagnetic as a result of AC

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Direct Current v. Alternating Current  In a direct current circuit (one with a battery) the electrons flow in one and only one direction.  In an alternating current circuit (like the electricity from your wall outlet), the electrons repetitively change directions.  Either way, the light remains lit because the electrons still move through it. 0.0

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Alternating Current in Electromagnets  When the current flows through the electro- magnetic, it aligns the diploes in a certain direction.  When the current direction is alternated, the diploes immediately switch directions.  As a result, the magnetic poles of the electromagnet are switched

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Alternating Current in Electromagnets  When the current flows through the electro- magnetic, it aligns the diploes in a certain direction.  When the current direction is alternated, the diploes immediately switch directions.  As a result, the magnetic poles of the electromagnet are switched

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Magnetic Induction  Realigning magnetic dipoles can also cause electrons to move.  Flowing electrons from a power supply cause the domains in the vicinity of the first coil to align.  These domains in turn induce the other domains in the nail to realign.  Watch what happens to the electrons in the second coil and watch the light bulb as the magnetic domains in the vicinity of the second coil realign.  As long as these domains were moving, electrons in the second coil moved causing the light to go on.  Once the domains stop moving, the electrons stop moving, and the light goes out even though the electrons are still moving in the first coil

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Transformers  Transformers are used to step-up (increase) or to step-down (decrease) AC voltages.  In order to do so, they rely on changing magnetic fields.  Transformers have primary and secondary coils of wire.  If there are more turns of wire around the primary side, then the transformer is a step-down transformer.  If there are more turns of wire around the secondary side, then the transformer is a step-up transformer.  As the magnetic field changes on the primary side, electrons will flow through the secondary side.  Once the field stabilizes, secondary side current stops.  For this reason transformers need AC

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Transformers  Notice how the magnetic domains realign as the current changes direction.  As long as the current alternates, the light bulb will stay on

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Transformer Operation Steps  Turn on the power.  Electrons flow through the primary coil.  Domains in the vicinity of the primary coil align.  All of the domains in the metal transformer core align.  Aligning magnetic domains cause the electrons in the secondary coil to move.  The light turns on.  Current alternates and the light remains on.

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. DC Electric Motor  A DC electric motor (one powered by a battery) must also have AC current in order to work.  In a DC motor, the DC from the battery is converted into AC by a combination of devices acting in cooperation as one electric switch: the brushes and the commutators.  Before we look at the operation of a DC Motor, lets look at its parts. Field Magnet Armature (Rotor) Axel Power Supply Brushes Commutators 13-20

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved.  When it does, the brushes switch commutators reversing the direction of current flow through the rotor.  Immediately, the magnetic poles of the rotor reverse.  As a result, the poles of the two magnets repel each other.  The cycle continues as long as power is on. DC Electric Motor  Current flows through the wire turning the rotor into an electromagnet.  The South pole of the electromagnet is attracted to the North end of the field magnet. The same is true for the other poles.  The rotor rotates to the point where the opposite poles are aligned and “happy.”  However, rotational energy carries the rotor past its “happy” point. N S 13-21

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. DC Electric Motor Operation Steps  Turn on power.  Electrons flow through the Rotor.  Rotor turns into an electromagnet.  Rotor rotates.  Rotor passes its “happy” point.  Brush/commutater pairs flip.  Current flow through rotor changes direction.  Electromagnet poles reverse.  The cycle repeats until power is turned off. N S 13-21

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. DC Motor Functioning  Electric motors are used to drive electrical devices.  The motor below is hooked to and drives a saw blade.  In this setup the battery provides the electrons that cause the motor to rotate.  The motor in turn causes the saw blade to rotate using a system of pulleys and a belt.  The current (moving electrons) flows from the negative side of the battery to the positive side thereby discharging the battery

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. DC Generator (Alternator)  A DC generator works in reverse of a DC motor.  A windmill, turbine, or paddle wheel (below) turns the rotor (electromagnet) through the field magnet.  The electrons in the wire around the rotor interact with the permanent magnet’s magnetic field and are moved through the circuit from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of the battery thereby recharging the battery.  A similar system is in every car in the form of an alternator

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Practical Application  On a recent deer hunting trip to Camel Back Mountain, Dr. Physics found himself unexpectedly lost. The map to the left shows where the cars were parked (5 point star). From this area, there is a dirt path around part of the mountain. Dr. Physics followed the path and eventually left the path to go into the woods. Before leaving the path, he determined using the position of the Sun and the Moon that north was in the direction indicated. He also knew that he would come across the path if he went North. Unfortunately, when Dr. Physics was very deep into the woods, a major snowstorm blew in and obscured his view of the Sun. As it was snowing very badly, Dr. Physics pulled out his compass (4 point star) and began to walk North towards the path as indicated by the compass. After nearly two hours of walking, he stepped out of the woods underneath some power lines (at the arrow head). What went wrong with the compass reading? Answer

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. This presentation was brought to you by Where we are committed to Excellence In Mathematics And Science Educational Services.

Right Hand Rule  The right hand rule is used in order to determine the direction in which the vector resulting from the cross product would act.  Consider the following cross product.  To find the direction of vector C, you would start by pointing the fingers of your right hand in the direction of the first vector (A) with your palm open in the direction in which vector B points.  Next, curl your fingers towards the second vector (B).  Finally, extend your thumb. The direction of C is in the same direction in which your thumb points

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Right Hand Rule  In what direction would vector C point?  Start by pointing the fingers of your right hand in the direction of the first vector (A) with your palm open in the direction in which vector B points.  Curl your fingers towards the second vector (B).  Finally, extend your thumb. The direction of C is in the same direction in which your thumb points.  In which direction would vector D point? 13-13

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Forces on a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field  You use the cross product in order to determine which direction a charged particle would move in a magnetic field.  The equation used to determine the magnitude and direction of this force is  In this equation, q is the magnitude of the charge, v is the speed of the charge, and B is the magnitude of the magnetic field.  We will use the cross product to determine the direction of the force (the direction in which the charge would accelerate) on this moving charge in the given magnetic field.  This direction is found using the Right Hand Rule as discussed earlier

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Forces on a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field  When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field, its magnetic field interacts with the uniform magnetic field.  As a result, its path is deflected.  We use the right hand rule in order to determine the direction of the force (acceleration) acting on the particle.  Lets exam the resulting path of the positive charge shown below once it encounters the magnetic field.  As we saw, the direction of the force acting on the charge was down; therefore, the particle moved down and out of the magnetic field

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Forces on a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field  Lets now exam the path for a negatively charged particle moving through the same uniform magnetic field.  The right hand rule shows us the direction of the cross product is also down.  However, the negative sign included with the negative charge would reverse the direction of the force applied to the particle.  As a result, the particle would move up and out of the magnetic field

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Forces on a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field AA 13-13

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. A AA 13-13

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Forces on a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field AA 13-13

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Forces on a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field AA 13-13

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Forces on a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field AA 13-13

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved.

Magnetic Induction  Realigning magnetic dipoles can also cause electrons to move.  Flowing electrons from a power supply cause the domains in the vicinity of the first coil to align.  These domains in turn induce the other domains in the nail to realign.  Watch what happens to the electrons in the second coil and watch the light bulb as the magnetic domains in the vicinity of the second coil realign.  As long as these domains were moving, electrons in the second coil moved causing the light to go on.  Once the domains stop moving, the electrons stop moving, and the light goes out even though the electrons are still moving in the first coil

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved. Interactions Between Electric and Magnetic Fields.  A wire that carries a current (flowing electrons) will bend when it passes through a magnetic field.  This image is a picture of a magnetic field traveling into the board.  Right now the current in the wire is off.  Lets turn off the magnetic field and turn on the current.  Now turn the magnetic field back on and watch what happens.  The wire bent. Why?  The magnetic field produced by moving electric charges interfered with the large magnetic field causing the wire to bend. 13-4c

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved.

© Shannon W. Helzer. All Rights Reserved.