Overview of the 2010 Carbonaceous Aerosol and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) Field Campaign Rahul Zaveri, William Shaw, Daniel Cziczo Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the Entire CARES Team CalNex Atlantis Data Workshop Davis, CA January 11 – 13, 2010

Participants and Collaborators Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Aerodyne Research, Inc. Brechtel Manufacturing Brookhaven National Laboratory DOE ARM Aerial Facility DOE ARM Climate Research Facility Droplet Measurements Technology Environmental Molecular Sciences Lab Los Alamos National Laboratory Michigan Technological University 2 Montana State University NASA Portland State University University of Arkansas University of California-Davis University of California-San Diego University of Colorado University of Nevada-Reno University of North Dakota Washington State University Participants and Resources From: Collaborators (CalNex) NOAA Twin Otter NOAA WP-3 NOAA R/V Atlantis California Air Resources Board (CARB)

CARES Objectives and Goal Science Objectives: Investigate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors and the potential interactions between them. Characterize the time scales of black carbon (BC) ageing and quantify the relative contributions of condensation and coagulation to BC mixing state evolution. Quantify the effect of aerosol mixing state and the role of organics on the associated optical and CCN activation properties. Perform local closure studies. Quantify the contribution of new particle formation and growth to CCN population. Overarching Goal: Evaluate and improve aerosol modules for the above mentioned processes and properties for use in regional, global climate models

Sampling Strategy and Platforms 4 Sacramento, June 2-28, 2010 Rationale Mid-size City Fairly isolated and clean to the north Regular wind pattern Rich biogenic emissions Previously studied area UC Berkeley studies BEARPEX Sacramento plume serves as a meso-scale flow reactor

Photo credit: Stephen Springston T0 Site – Sacramento American River College 9.5 miles northeast of downtown Altitude = 30 m MSL Trace Gases PTR-MS & GC-MSVOCs and SVOCsWSU COVUV fluorescenceWSU SO 2 research gradePNNL O 3 research gradeWSU NO, NO 2, NO y research gradeWSU Aerosol Size/Composition SMPS, APS, CPCparticle size distributionPNNL HR-ToF-AMS + thermal denudernon-refractory aerosol compPNNL SPLAT-IIsingle-particle mass specEMSL SP2black carbon massDMT Sunset OC/ECorganic/elemental carbon massPNNL TRAC, DRUM Samplersmicrospectroscopic analyses EMSL, LBNL PILS Auto-samplerWSOC, ICBrechtel, UC Davis Hi-vol samplerOrganic functional groupsUND Optical Properties 4- Photoacousticscattering, absorptionUNR, LANL 3- Nephelometer, 3- PSAPscattering, absorptionPNNL 3- Cavity Ring Downextinction, scatteringPortland State Univ., UC Davis Photolysis, MFRSRradiationPNNL Hygroscopic & CCN Properties CCN CounterCCN activationPNNL Meteorology Sfc. Met. Station & Radiosondewind velocity, P, T, RH profilesPNNL

Photo credit: Stephen Springston T1 Site - Cool, CA Foothills of Sierra Nevada Altitude = 450 m MSL Northside School Trace Gases PTR-MSVOCsMontana State Univ. COVUV fluorescenceLANL O 3 research gradePNNL NO, NO y research gradeLANL Aerosol Size/Composition SMPS, APS, CPCparticle size distribution UC Davis, PNNL HR-ToF-AMS + thermal denudernon-refractory aerosol comp. UC Davis/Aerodyne, PNNL PALMSsingle-particle mass specPNNL SP2black carbon massDMT Sunset OC/ECorganic/elemental carbon mass PNNL TRAC, DRUM Samplersmicrospectroscopic analyses EMSL, LBNL PILS Auto-samplerWSOC, IC Brechtel, UC Davis Hi-vol Samplers 13 C and 14 C, functional groupsUniv. of Arkansas, UND Optical Properties 3- Photoacousticscattering, absorption UNR, LANL 3- Nephelometer, 3- PSAPscattering, absorption PNNL 3- Cavity Ring Downextinction, scattering Portland State Univ. Photolysis, MFRSRradiation PNNL UV-MFRSRradiationUniv. of Arkansas Hygroscopic & CCN Properties f(RH)aerosol hygroscopic properties PNNL CCNc, SCCNCCN activation PNNL, BNL Meteorology Sodar, Wind Profilerwind velocity vertical profilePNNL Sfc. Met. Station & Radiosondewind velocity, P, T, RH profilesPNNL

DOE G-1 Trace Gases PTR-MSVOCsPNNL COVUV fluorescenceBNL O 3 research gradeBNL SO 2 research gradeBNL NO x, NO 2, total NO y research gradeBNL Aerosol Size/Composition CPC (>3nm and >10 nm)particle number concentrationPNNL FIMS (30 – 80 nm)particle size distributionBNL UHSAS (55 – 1000 nm)particle size distribution PNNL CAPS (500 – nm)particle size distributionPNNL HR-ToF-AMS non-refractory aerosol comp.EMSL SP2black carbon massBNL ATOFMSaerosol mixing stateUCSD TRAC Samplermicrospectroscopic analysesEMSL, LBNL PILS Auto-samplerBulk inorganic compositionBrechtel, UC Davis Optical Properties PASS-3absorptionLANL 3- NephelometerscatteringPNNL PSAPabsorptionPNNL

NASA B-200 Objectives Characterize the vertical and horizontal distribution of aerosols and optical properties Provide the vertical context for G-1 and ground in situ measurements Infer aerosol type and apportion optical depth by type Investigation of new active + passive (lidar + radiometer) aerosol retrieval techniques Characterize the PBL height and distribution of aerosols within and above PBL Help assess aerosol model transport simulations CALIPSO/CALIOP & GLORY/APS Validation High Spectral Resolution LidarNASA Langley (Ferrare, Hostetler) Digital CameraNASA Langley (Ferrare, Hostetler) Research Scanning PolarimeterNASA/GISS (Cairns)

T0 T1 NW Flow 9 out of 27 days Two Predominant Sacramento Plume Patterns Observed T0 T1 SW Flow ~15 out of 27 days SO 2 from refineries along Carquinez Strait

DOE G-1 Flight Tracks DOE G-1 (June 2 – 28) Research Flights: 22 Flight Time: 67.5 hours Flight Distance: ~24,000 km NASA B-200 (June 3 – 28) Research Flights: 23 Flight Time: ~68 hours Coordination with CalNex In Sacramento Area R/V Atlantis (June 3 – 4) NOAA Twin Otter (June 15 – 28) Intercomparison Flight From Fresno to Bakersfield, June 18 DOE G-1 NASA B-200 NOAA P-3 NOAA Twin Otter

AMS: Aerosol Composition at T0 11 Average Aerosol Composition at T0 Average aerosol concentration: 2.84  g/m 3 Chen Song Mass Conc. (  g m -3 ) Time (h) 1  g m -3 4  g m -3 org dominant PM 1 comp.

AMS: Aerosol Composition at T1 12 org dominant PM 1 comp. Ari Setyan / Qi Zhang 2  g m  g m -3

Regional New Particle Formation & Growth Events T0 T1 Chen Song / Ari Setyan / Qi Zhang

SPLAT II: Single Particle Composition at T0 14 % Alla Zelenyuk, Josef Beranek Complex Aerosol Mixing State Changing with Time

Evidence for T0-T1 Transport 15 LANL and UNR Photoacoustic Instruments Brad Flowers, M. Dubey, Pat Arnott Likely T0-T1 Transport Day of June Enhanced biogenic emissions coupled with intense photochemistry

Comparison of Light Absorption at T0 and T1 16 LANL and UNR Photoacoustic Instruments T0 only episodes Brad Flowers, M. Dubey, Pat Arnott Day of June

Evidence for Aged Air Mass Recirculated from the Previous Day 17 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 8:00 am – 11:00 am PST John Shilling

Large Concentrations of Ultrafine Particles 18 John Shilling

Intense Photochemical Evolution on June 28 Aerosol Volume (  m 3 cm -3 ) T0 T1 WRF Tracer Forecast 16 PST Sacramento Source CO (ppb) T0 T1 peak ozone = 124 ppb T0 T1 All Sources T0 T1 consistent G-1 Data, 1341 – 1641 PST peak gray = CO emission rate WRF forecast: W.Gustafson and J. Fast

Summary Rich data set that will shed light on a number important problems related to carbonaceous aerosols Useful for evaluating and improving understanding of several aerosol processes and properties such as: SOA formation from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors and interactions between them over a period of one or more days. BC ageing and aerosol mixing state evolution Effect of aerosol mixing state on optical and CCN activation properties New particle formation and growth – role of organics Compare and contrast CARES results with CalNex platforms / sites 20

CARES Team (many faces are missing) At McClellan Jet Services Hangar, Sacramento, CA At Homewood Suites, Roseville, CA

Acknowledgements Funding and Personnel Support ARM Climate Research Facility (ACRF) ARM Aerial Facility (AAF) Atmospheric System Research (ASR) Program Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL) Entire CARES Team Scientists, post-docs, students, collaborators Support staff Our Hosts CARB (staff and forecasting team) McClellan Jet Services, Sacramento American River College, Sacramento Northside School, Cool