GOVERNMENT The group of people and institutions that hold political authority in a state. Often refers to the leadership/elite that runs the state. – “Obama government” – “Cameron government” – “Jonathan government”

REGIME Fundamental rules and norms for exerting power in politics. Endure across governments/ administrations. Long-term goals regarding freedom and equality (political and economic). TWO CATEGORIES Democratic Regimes Authoritarian Regimes

Substantive v. Procedural Democracy Substantive Democracy – “Liberal” Democracy – Democratic regime in which the criteria for democracy is respected and enforced.

Substantive v. Procedural Democracy Procedural Democracy – “Illiberal” Democracy – Have regular elections (usually not competitive), but are missing most (or all) of the other criteria.

Democratization Transition Process Authoritarian Procedural Democracy Substantive Democracy

Illiberal Democracy Hugo Chavez President of Venezuela (1999-Current Day) Images from:

Examples from the NPR report that make Venezuela an illiberal democracy. Criteria for Democracy Political Rights and Civil Liberties Competitive Elections Rule of Law Civil Society Civic Culture Capitalism Independent Judiciary Civilian-controlled Military Problems in Venezuela?

Three “Waves” of Democratization Samuel Huntington First Wave When: – Late 19 th Century to WWII. Why: – Expansion of urban middle class.

Second Wave When: – End of WWII to 1970 Why: – De-colonization

Third Wave When: – Mid-1970s until now. Why: – Defeat of dictatorial and totalitarian rulers (S. America, Africa, E. Europe)

Preconditions of Democratization 1.Level of Economic Development – Developed infrastructure – Modernization – Large, educated middle class

Precondition of Democratization 2.Favorable International Environment – Powerful states may PROHIBIT. USSR after WWII. – PRESTIGE of democracy. – INCENTIVES from other democratic regimes. Join (EU).