Chapter AP* Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change 22

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert As You Engage this Presentation Think of ways you can compare/contrast events in China and Japan in the Early Modern Period… –To previous periods of their own history –To other regions in the world –To each other  Social structures  Political organizations  Interaction  Cultural practices  Economic order Thesis needs to be comparative in nature

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Asian Transitions I.The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans II.Ming China: A Global Mission Refused III.Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification and the First Challenge

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Asian Transitions

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Asian Trading Network, c Arab zone –Glass, carpet, tapestries Indian zone –Cotton textiles Chinese zone –Paper, porcelain, silk goods

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans European discoveries –Products not wanted in East –Muslim traders: Indian Ocean, southern Asia Missionary activity blocked by Islam –Asian political divisions advantageous

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Asian Trading Network, c Marginal regions –Japan, southeast Asia, east Africa –Raw materials  Ivory, spices

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Routes and Major Products Exchanged in the Asian Trading Network, c. 1500

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Trading Empire: The Portuguese Response to the Encounter at Calicut Portuguese use military force –Diu, 1509  Defeat Egyptian-Indian fleet Forts for defense –Ormuz, 1507 –Goa, 1510 –Malacca Goal: monopolize spice trade, control all shipping

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Portuguese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empires 17th century –English and Dutch challenge Portuguese control Dutch –1620, take Malacca –Fort built at Batavia, 1620 –Concentrate on certain spices –Generally use force less  Use traditional system

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Portuguese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empires English –India

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Going Ashore: European Tribute Systems in Asia Europeans restricted to coastlines –permission needed to trade inland Sporadic conflict –Portuguese, Dutch use force in Sri Lanka  Cinnamon –Spanish  Philippines Take North

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Spreading the Faith: The Missionary Enterprise in South and Southeast Asia Robert Di Nobili –Italian Jesuit –1660s, conversion of upper-caste Indians

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Pattern of Early European Expansion in Asia

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 15 The Ming Dynasty ( ) Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty comes to power after Mongol Yuan dynasty driven out Founded by Emperor Hongwu (r ) Used traveling officials called Mandarins and large number of eunuchs to maintain control Emperor Yongle (r ) experiments with sea expeditions, moves capital north to Beijing to deter Mongol attacks

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 16 Ming China,

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 17 The Great Wall Origins before 4 th century BCE, ruins from Qin dynasty in 3 rd century BCE Rebuilt under Ming rule, 15 th -16 th centuries 1,550 miles, feet high –Guard towers –Room for housing soldiers

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 18 The Great Wall of China

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 19 Eradicating the Mongol Past Ming emperors encourage abandonment of Mongol names, dress Support study of Confucian classics Civil service examinations renewed

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A Return to Scholar-Gentry Social Dominance Agricultural reforms –To improve peasants' lives –Balanced by encroaching landlord power Women –Confined –Bearing male children stressed

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert An Age of Growth: Agriculture, Population, Commerce, and the Arts American food crops –Marginal lands farmed Chinese manufactured goods in demand –Merchants profit Patronage of fine arts Innovations in literature –Woodblock printing

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Ming China: A Global Mission Refused Ming dynasty ( ) –Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang  Helps expel Mongols  Takes name Hongwu, 1368  Mongols forced north of Great Wall

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A Return to Scholar-Gentry Social Dominance Agricultural reforms –To improve peasants' lives –Balanced by encroaching landlord power Women –Confined –Bearing male children stressed

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert An Age of Growth: Agriculture, Population, Commerce, and the Arts American food crops –Marginal lands farmed Chinese manufactured goods in demand –Merchants profit Patronage of fine arts Innovations in literature –Woodblock printing

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert An Age of Growth: Agriculture, Population, Commerce, and the Arts American food crops –Marginal lands farmed Chinese manufactured goods in demand –Merchants profit Patronage of fine arts Innovations in literature –Woodblock printing

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Ming China and the Zheng He Expedition,

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert An Age of Growth: Agriculture, Population, Commerce, and the Arts American food crops –Marginal lands farmed Chinese manufactured goods in demand –Merchants profit Patronage of fine arts Innovations in literature –Woodblock printing

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 28 The Patriarchal Family Filial piety understood as duty of child to parent; individual to emperor Eldest son favored Clan-based authority groups augment government services

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 29 Gender Relations Males receive preferential status Economic factor: girls join husband’s family –Infanticide common Widows strongly encouraged not to remarry –Chaste widows honored with ceremonial arches Men control divorce –Grounds: from infidelity to talking too much

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 30 Footbinding Origins in Song dynasty ( CE) Linen strips binds and deforms female child’s feet Perceived aesthetic value Statement of social status and/or expectations –Commoners might bind feet of especially pretty girls to enhance marriage prospects

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Ming China and the Zheng He Expedition,

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Ming China and the Zheng He Expedition,

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 33 Woman with Bound Feet

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 34 Population Growth and Economic Development Only 11% of China arable Intense, garden-style agriculture necessary American food crops introduced in 17 th century –Maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts Rebellion and war reduce population in 17 th century –Offset by increase due to American crops

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 35 Chinese Population Growth

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 36 Foreign Trade Silk, porcelain, tea, lacquer ware Chinese in turn import relatively little –Spices, animal skins, woolen textiles Paid for exports with silver bullion from Americas After Emperor Yongle’s early maritime expeditions ( ), Ming dynasty abandons large-scale maritime trade plans –In part to appease southern populations

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 37 Trade in Southeast Asia Chinese merchants continue to be active in southeast Asia, esp. Manila Extensive dealings with Dutch VOC

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 38 Government and Technology During Tang and Song dynasties (7 th -13 th centuries), China a world leader in technology Stagnates during Ming and Qing dynasties –European cannons purchased, based on early Chinese invention of gunpowder Government suppressed technological advancement, fearing social instability would result –Mass labor over productivity

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 39 Classes in Chinese Society Privileged Classes –Scholar-bureaucrats, gentry –Distinctive clothing with ranks –Immunity from some legal proceedings, taxes, labor service Working classes –Peasants, artisans/workers, merchants –Confucian doctrine gives greatest status to peasants –Merchant activity not actively supported Lower classes –Military, beggars, slaves

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 40 Neo-Confucianism Version of Confucian thought promoted by Zhu Xi ( CE) –Confucian morality with Buddhist logic Education at various levels promoted –Hanlin Academy, Beijing –Provincial schools Compilation of massive Yongle Encyclopedia Development of popular novels as well

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 41 Christianity in China Nestorian, Roman Catholic Christians had presence in China –Disappeared with plague and social chaos of 14 th century Jesuits return under Matteo Ricci ( ), attempt to convert Ming Emperor Wanli –Mastered Chinese before first visit in 1601 –Brought western mechanical technology  Prisms, harpsichords, clocks

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 42 Confucianism and Christianity Argued that Christianity was consistent with Confucianism –Differences due to Neo-Confucian distortions Yet few converts in China –Approx. 200,000 mid 18 th century, about 0.08 percent of population –Christian absolutism difficult for Chinese to accept Franciscans and Dominicans convince Pope that Jesuits compromising Christianity with Chinese traditions (e.g. ancestor worship) Emperor Kangxi bans Christian preaching in China

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 43 Ming Decline 16 th century maritime pirates harm coastal trade Navy, government unable to respond effectively Emperors secluded in Forbidden City, palace compound in Beijing –Hedonists –Emperor Wanli (r ) abandons imperial activity to eunuchs

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 44 Ming Collapse Famine, peasant rebellions in early 17 th century Rebels take Beijing in 1644 Manchu fighters enter from the north and retake city Manchus refuse to allow reestablishment of Ming dynasty Establish Qing (“Pure”) Dynasty

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 45 The Unification of Japan Shoguns rule Japan, 12 th -16 th centuries –Large landholders with private armies –Emperor merely a figurehead –Constant civil war: 16 th century sengoku, “country at war” Tokugawa Ieyasu (r ) establishes military government –Bakufu: “tent government” –Establishes Tokugawa dynasty ( )

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification and the First Challenge Toyotomo Hideyoshi –Nobunaga's general –1590, rules Japan –Invades Korea, unsuccessful –Dies, 1598  Succession struggle

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification and the First Challenge Nobunaga –Daimyo –Use of firearms –Deposes Ashikaga shogun, 1573  Killed, 1582

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Feudal Society The emperor reigned, but did not always rule!

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Tokugawa Ieyasu ( ) Appointed shogun by the Emperor. Marriage restricted to members of the same class! Marriage restricted to members of the same class! Brought 300 years of peace and stability. Brought 300 years of peace and stability. Centralized feudal government, with all power Centralized feudal government, with all power Japanese Christians persecuted and Christianity is forbidden. Japanese Christians persecuted and Christianity is forbidden.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 50 Tokugawa Japan,

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Japan During the Rise of the Tokugawa Shogunate

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 52 Control of Daimyo (“Great Names”) Approximately 260 powerful territorial lords –Independent militaries, judiciaries, schools, foreign relations, etc. From capital Edo (Tokyo), shogun requires “alternate attendance”: daimyo forced to spend every other year at court –Controlled marriage, socializing of daimyo families Beginning 1630s, shoguns restrict foreign relations –Travel, import of books forbidden –Policy strictly maintained for 200 years

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 53 Economic Growth in Japan End of civil conflict contributes to prosperity New crop strains, irrigation systems improve agricultural production Yet population growth moderate –Contraception, late marriage, abortion –Infanticide: “thinning out the rice shoots”

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 54 Population Growth in Japan

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 55 Social Change End of civil disturbances create massive unemployment of Daimyo, Samurai warriors Encouraged to join bureaucracy, scholarship Many declined to poverty Urban wealthy classes develop from trade activity

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 56 Neo-Confucianism in Japan Chinese cultural influence extends through Tokugawa period Chinese language essential to curriculum Zhu Xi and Neo-Confucianism remains popular “Native Learning” also popular in 18 th century –Folk traditions, Shinto

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 57 Floating Worlds (ukiyo) Urban culture expressed in entertainment, pleasure industries Marked contrast to bushido ethic of Stoicism –Ihara Saikaku ( ), The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love Kabuki theatre, men playing women’s roles Bunraku puppet theatre

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Kabuki Theater An interior of a Kabuki theater.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Bunraku 59

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 60 Christianity in Japan Jesuit Francis Xavier in Japan, 1549 Remarkable success among daimyo –Daimyo also hoping to establish trade relations with Europeans Government backlash –Fear of foreign intrusion –Confucians, Buddhists resent Christian absolutism Anti-Christian campaign restricts Christianity, executes staunch Christians –Sometimes by crucifixion

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 61 Persecution of Catholics

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert 62 Dutch Learning Dutch presence at Nagasaki principal route for Japanese understanding of the world Before ban on foreign books lifted (1720), Japanese scholars study Dutch to approach European science, medicine, and art

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Dealing with the European Challenge Traders, missionaries to Japan since 1543 –Firearms, clock, presses for Japanese silver, copper, finished goods Nobunaga protects Jesuits –to counter Buddhist power –Hideyoshi less tolerant  Buddhists now weak

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Japan's Self-Imposed Isolation Ieyasu –Increased isolation  1616, merchants restricted  By 1630, Japanese ships forbidden to sail overseas  By 1640s Dutch, Chinese visit only at Deshima island Complete isolation from mid-1600s

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Japan's Self-Imposed Isolation Tokugawa –Neo-Confucian revival  Replaced by National Learning school

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Global Connections: An Age of Eurasian Protoglobalization Summary of the impact of early globalization –Decline of some indigenous commercial centers –Exchange not as striking or destructive as Columbian Exchange  Some plants introduced –Limited impact of European ideas –Asia impacted only on the periphery