Blood Chapter 19 (H)

What does blood do? Transports substances around the body to maintain homeostasis Transports substances around the body to maintain homeostasis Regulates fluid, electrolyte, acid/base balance Regulates fluid, electrolyte, acid/base balance Regulates body temp Regulates body temp Protects body from infection Protects body from infection

Blood Viscosity Refers to the ease at which blood flows through vessels Refers to the ease at which blood flows through vessels Hematophobia = fear of blood

Blood components Blood is a type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE It has two basic components: 1.CELLS (rbc, wbc, platelets) = 45% 2.Plasma (water, proteins, amino acids..etc) = 55%

Parts of Blood Part/Name Made up of Job Plasma Water, albumin, clotting factor, antibodies Regulate fluid volume, protect from pathogens, prevent excessive blood loss Red blood cells/ erythocytes Transport O 2 to tissues

Part/Name Made up of Job White blood cells/ leukocytes Protect body from infection Platelets/ thrombocytes Protect body from bleeding

Hematocrit Test that finds the percentage of blood cells from a sample Test that finds the percentage of blood cells from a sample Should be about 45% cells/ 55% plasma Should be about 45% cells/ 55% plasma

Origin of blood cells Hematopoiesis: Hematopoiesis: Formation of blood cells Formation of blood cells Where produced – red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue Where produced – red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue Why are stem cells important? The 3 main types of blood cells differentiate from them Why are stem cells important? The 3 main types of blood cells differentiate from them Liver & Spleen – phagocytosis Liver & Spleen – phagocytosis Destroy blood cells Destroy blood cells

Red Blood Cells (RBC) Shape – disc shaped with thick rim and thinner center; can flex Shape – disc shaped with thick rim and thinner center; can flex Hemoglobin – large protein molecule; Heme – contains iron; O 2 attaches to Heme; CO 2 attaches to globin Hemoglobin – large protein molecule; Heme – contains iron; O 2 attaches to Heme; CO 2 attaches to globin Color of RBC – bright red is O 2 rich; blue- red is CO 2 rich Color of RBC – bright red is O 2 rich; blue- red is CO 2 rich

It is a myth that deoxygenated blood appears blue. The blood on the left is oxygenated, the right is deoxygenated blood (from a vein) Source: Wikipedia CommonsWikipedia Commons

Why is iron important? Why is iron important? Cannot make Heme part of hemoglobin which can lead to type of anemia – menstruating women Cannot make Heme part of hemoglobin which can lead to type of anemia – menstruating women Other materials essential to making more RBCs – Other materials essential to making more RBCs – B12, folic acid, protein; if lacking any, can lead to certain types of anemia B12, folic acid, protein; if lacking any, can lead to certain types of anemia Erythropoietin – Erythropoietin – regulates RBC production; produced in kidneys; secreted if low O 2 levels; sent to red bone marrow  secret RBC regulates RBC production; produced in kidneys; secreted if low O 2 levels; sent to red bone marrow  secret RBC When RBCs die – When RBCs die – live about 120 dy; eaten by macrophage; dismantled and recycled live about 120 dy; eaten by macrophage; dismantled and recycled

EPO, or erythropoietin (pronounced, ah- rith-ro-poy-tin), is a hormone produced by the liver and kidneys. In the first part of a two-night interview broadcast Thursday, disgraced cyclist Lance Armstrong admitted to Oprah Winfrey that he took banned substances, including EPO, during all seven of his Tour de France victories. What is EPO? (Gizmodo Article)

White Blood Cells (WBC) General function is to protect the body against disease General function is to protect the body against disease Phagocytosis – Phagocytosis – cellular eating of dead/diseased cells cellular eating of dead/diseased cells

5 Types of WBC Granlocytes (Have granules) Function/Job 1. Neutrophilphagocytosis – dead form pus/abscess 2. Basophilreleases histamine and heprin 3. Eosinophilsecrete chemicals which kill parasites; inflammatory response

Agranulocytes (No granules) Function/ Job 4. Lymphocyteperform important role in immune response 5. Monocytebecomes macrophages or can be fixed

Platelets Formed from – larger megakaryocyte Formed from – larger megakaryocyte Role – prevent blood loss; block openings Role – prevent blood loss; block openings CBC – provides normal range of # of RBC, WBC, platelets; gives info specific to each type: RBC – hemoglobin content, hematocrit, % immature RBC; WBC - % of each type or differential count CBC – provides normal range of # of RBC, WBC, platelets; gives info specific to each type: RBC – hemoglobin content, hematocrit, % immature RBC; WBC - % of each type or differential count

Hemostasis The process of stopping bleeding The process of stopping bleeding Involves the coagulation and clotting of the blood to seal the site of damage Involves the coagulation and clotting of the blood to seal the site of damage Hemo – blood Hemo – blood Stasis – stand still Stasis – stand still

1. Blood Vessel Spasm Seratonin = vasoconstrictor 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Blood coagulation conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin *thrombin is an enzyme that causes the conversion THREE EVENTS IN HEMOSTASIS

Hemostasis Steps

Forming a Blood Clot: Coagulation Forming a Blood Clot: Coagulation

Anticoagulant Anticoagulant Prevents unnecessary clot formation Prevents unnecessary clot formation Heparin is secreted by mast cells to prevent clots Heparin is secreted by mast cells to prevent clots Medications heparin and coumadin/warfarin decrease amt of prothrombin Medications heparin and coumadin/warfarin decrease amt of prothrombin Thrombus is a blood clot Thrombus is a blood clot Embolus is a traveling blood clot; if lodges in lungs, can be fatal Embolus is a traveling blood clot; if lodges in lungs, can be fatal

This machine removes the plasma from the blood and returns the RBC’s to the donor.