Treatments for Mental Disorder Chapter 13 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN:

Therapy takes a variety of forms, common element is a relationship focused on altering behavior or mental processes What is Therapy?

The Four Goals of Therapy Identifying the problem Identifying the etiology, or cause, of the problem Making a prognosis Deciding on and carrying out some form of treatment

Contemporary Approaches to Therapy Psychological therapies –Behavioral and Cognitive therapy –Psychodynamic approach –Humanistic therapy Biomedical therapies – Treatments that focus on altering the brain (drugs, psychosurgery, or electroconvulsive therapy)

Types of Mental Health Care Professionals Counseling psychologist Clinical psychologist Psychoanalyst Clinical social worker Psychiatrist Psychiatric nurse practitioner Pastoral counselor

Behavior and Cognitive Therapy Behavior therapy –Systematic desensitization. –Aversive conditioning. –Exposure treatments. –Behavioral records and contracts. –Token economies

Insight Therapies Psychoanalysis Different Techniques –Transference, free association Post-Freudian therapies –Individual’s current social environment –Social and interpersonal relationships –Conscious self-concept Psychodynamic therapies

Insight Therapies Person-centered therapy –Reflection of feeling – –Unconditional positive regard – –Nondirective – –“Forward looking” Humanistic therapies

Insight Therapies Self-help groups Organized/run by laypersons Marital and family therapy Group therapies

Cognitive therapy – Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) (Albert Ellis) –Unrealistic beliefs/expectations –Overgeneralization, catastrophizing* Insight Therapies Cognitive therapy for depression –Evaluating evidence –Situational factors –Alternative solutions Cognitive therapies

Evaluating the Psychological Therapies Therapy better than no therapy Different insight therapies roughly equivalent in effectiveness Specific therapies for specific conditions

Common Ingredients in Successful Therapies When there is a bond between therapist and client (a.k.a. Therapeutic Alliance). When participants want to be helped. When therapists distinguish normal cultural patterns from individual psychological problems.

The Question of Drugs

Drug Therapy Antipsychotic drugs –Side effects Tardive dyskinesia – Incurable disorder of motor control resulting from long-term use of antipsychotic drugs

Drug Therapy Antidepressant drugs –E.g., Prozac, lithium carbonate (effective against bipolar disorder) –Also given for “social phobias”?, PMS?

Drug Therapy Antianxiety drugs –e.g., barbituates –Should not be used to relieve ordinary anxieties of everyday life

Drug Therapy Placebo effect High Relapse and dropout rates. Dosage problems. Long-term risks

Other Biomedical Therapies Psychosurgery –Prefrontal lobotomy (*rare today) –Severing corpus callosum –Hemispherectomy Electroconvulsive Therapy