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2 Router is a device which makes communication possible between two or more different networks present in different geographical locations. To make communication possible between two or more different networks present in the same geographical location, what are the steps to be taken: Answer : Configuring a Software Router or Implementing the CIDR concept What is a Router ?

3 E /24 HYD LAN /24 E /24 CHE LAN / /8 S0 S /8 Is communication possible ?

4 The same networks present in different geographical locations cant communicate through a router because if Network ID of both the networks is same then the request will not go out of the router and it’ll keep on searching within the LAN. Is communication possible ?

5 Many companies are manufacturing Router : Cisco Nortel Multicom Cyclades Juniper Dlink Linksys 3Com But Cisco is having monopoly in the market of Routers Which Routers to buy ?

6 Cisco divided the Router into 3 Layers Access Layer Router Distribution Layer Router Core Layer Router Cisco’s Hierarchical Design Model

7 Cisco 1700 Cisco 1760 Cisco 800 Routers which are used by the Small Organization and are also known as Desktop or Company Layer Routers. Router Series : 800, 1000, 1600, 1700, 2500 Access Layer Router

8 Routers which are used by the ISPs and are also known as ISP Layer Routers Router Series : 2600, 3200, 3600, 3700 Distribution Layer Router Cisco 2600XM/2691 Cisco 3700Cisco 3600

9 Routers which are used by the Global ISPs and are also known as Backbone Routers Router Series : 6400, 7200, 7300, 7400, 7500, 7600, 10000, Core Layer Router Cisco 7000

10 Router Classification Fixed Router are just like a branded PC where modification of interfaces is not possible Access Layer Routers are example of Fixed Router except 1600 and 1700 series Modular Router are just like a Assembled PC where modification of interfaces is possible Distribution and Core Layer Routers example of Modular Router FIXED ROUTERMODULAR ROUTER

11 Example Modular Router

12 Model 2501 Serial Ports S0 and S1 AUI Attachment Unit Interface E0 Console Con 0 Auxiliary Aux 0 Power Switch Power Supply

13 AUI pin configuration is 15 pin female. It is known as Ethernet Port or LAN port or Default Gateway. It is used for connecting LAN to the Router. Transceiver is used for converting 8 wires to 15 wires. i.e. RJ45 to 15 pin converter. Attachment Unit Interface

14 Transceiver

15 E /24 LAN / An IP address needs to be assigned to this interface and it should be in the same network as of the LAN. Attachment Unit Interface Straight Cable

16 E /24 Attachment Unit Interface Cross Cable If you connect Router AUI to directly to PC NIC Card then You have to use Cross Cable LAN /24 1.1

Crimping of Twisted pair Cable Straight cable It is used between unlike device (dissimilar devices) e.g. Hub to PC, Switch to PC, Hub to Router

18 Crimping of Twisted pair Cable Cross cable It is used between like device (Similar devices) e.g. Hub to HUB, PC to PC, Switch to Switch, HUB to Switch, PC to Router

19 Crimping of Twisted pair Cable Rollover Cable It is used for connecting Router Console Port to PC Com Ports or Serial ports

20 Serial pin configuration is 60 pin configuration female (i.e. 15 pins and 4 rows) and Smart Serial pin configuration is 26 pin configuration female. It is known as WAN Port It is used for connecting to Remote Locations V.35 cable is having 60 pin configuration male at one end and on the other end 18 pin configuration male. Serial Port

21 V.35 Cable

22 EXCHANGE E LAN /24 HYDERABAD OFFICE E LAN /24 CHENNAI MUX 2 pair of Copper Wire G.703 Modem G.703 Modem HYDERABAD MUX CHENNAI OFFICE Fiber Optic Cable V.35 Cable V.35 Cable V.35 Modem

23 It is known as Local Administrative Port It is generally used for Initial Configuration, Password Recovery and Local Administration of the Router. It is RJ45 Port IMP : It is the most delicate port on the Router. So make less use of the Console Port. Console Port

24 Console Connectivity

25 Console Connectivity Connect a rollover cable to the router console port (RJ-45 connector). Connect the other end of the rollover cable to the RJ-45 to DB-9 converter Attach the female DB-9 converter to a PC Serial Port. Open Emulation Software

26 DB9 Converter

27 It is known as Remote Administrative Port. Used for remote administration Its an RJ-45 port A console or a rollover cable is to be used. Auxiliary Port

28 Auxiliary Connectivity

29 BRI Port Basic Rate Interface used to connect ISDN to the Router. It is a RJ45 Port. It is available on 2503 and 2520 model router. 10 Base T Port It is a RJ45 Port and used for connecting LAN to the Router. Its function is same as the AUI Port but there is no need for a Transceiver. It is available on 2520 model router. Other Ports

Model Router

31 WAN interfaces ◦Serial interface (S0, S1 etc) – 60 pin/26 pin(smart serial) ◦ISDN interface(BRI0 etc) – RJ45 LAN interfaces - Ethernet ◦AUI (Attachment Unit Interface) (E0)– 15 pin ◦10baseT – RJ45 Administration interfaces ◦Console – RJ45 - Local ◦Auxiliary – RJ45 - Remote Brief Overview

32 ROM A bootstrap program is located here. It is same as the BIOS of the PC. Bootstrap program current version is 11.0 Flash Internetwork Operating System (IOS) developed by Cisco is stored here. IOS is Command line interface. Internal Components

33 NVRAM Non volatile RAM, similar to Hard Disk It is also known as Permanent Storage or Startup Configuration. Generally size of NVRAM is 32 KB. RAM It is also known as Temporary Storage or running Configuration. Minimum size of RAM is 2MB. The size of RAM is greater than NVRAM in the Router. Processor Motorola Processor 70 Mhz, RISC based processor (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) Internal Components

34 Internal Components

35 Boot sequence POST ROM FLASH NVRAM RAM Power on Self Test (verifies) the hardware Power on Self Test (verifies) the hardware Contact the ROM Loads the Bootstrap Program & Search where IOS is located Contact the ROM Loads the Bootstrap Program & Search where IOS is located IOS found in Flash Loading IOS IOS found in Flash Loading IOS Flash contacts the NVRAM For Configuration File Flash contacts the NVRAM For Configuration File NVRAM configuration copied into RAM