Broadening Computing Education Mark Guzdial, School of Interactive Computing

2 Story U-M CSE and Broadening Computing Education Teaching computing to everyone –The future of computing education, from 50 years ago Making computing for everyone work at Georgia Tech. –Lesson Learned: Contextualized computing education. –Courses for “Computing + X” Side trip: Applying the lesson to the BS in CS. Finally, what does it buy us in CS?

3 The (Personal) Broad View of Computing : Quentin Stout –Parallel computing for the K-12 audience : Elliot Soloway –Great Advisor –Programming in high school –Computing as enabler

4 The Two Cultures

MIT Sloan School Symposium

6 Learn Programming to Re-Think Process Everywhere Alan Perlis argued that computer science should be part of a liberal education. –Explicitly, he argued that all students should learn to program. Why? –Because Computer Science is the study of process. –Automated execution of process changes everything

7 The Power and Fear of Algorithms The Economist (Sept., 2007) spoke to the algorithms that control us, yet we don’t understand. –Credit Ratings, Adjustable Rate Mortgages, Google C.P. Snow foresaw this in –Those who don’t understand algorithms, can’t understand how the decisions are made. “A handful of people, having no relation to the will of the society, having no communication with the rest of society will be taking decisions in secret which are going to affect our lives in the deepest sense.”

: Alan Kay Alan Kay (2004 ACM Turing Awardee) sees the Computer as humanity’s first metamedium –A medium that can represent all other media. –Programming as an important new medium The computer-as- Dynabook is for creative metamedia exploration and reading

9 Fall 1999: Georgia Tech Fall 1999: All students at Georgia Tech must take a course in computer science. –Considered part of General Education, like mathematics, social science, humanities… Why did Georgia Tech make that decision? –Computing was a College. Solved a problem for Engineering –Making a competitive distinction for Liberal Arts

10 It’s Already Happening: Computational Thinking Computing is already cross-campus –Bio2010 (NRC) calls for programming for mathematical and computational models. –Physics teaches VPython for labs where they solve three- body problems. Computer science provides the tools and metaphors for understanding our world –Jeanette Wing’s “Computational Thinking” Scientists and engineers use computing to model, simulate, and understand. –Why shouldn’t students?

11 Richard Dawkins on Fresh Aire GROSS: You close your book saying, "I am thrilled to be alive at a time when humanity is pushing against the limits of understanding." How do you think that's happening in your field of evolutionary biology? Mr. DAWKINS: Well, it's the most exciting time to be a biologist… Since Watson and Crick in 1953, biology has become a sort of branch of computer science. I mean, genes are just long computer tapes, and they use a code which is just another kind of computer code. It's quaternary rather than binary, but it's read in a sequential way just like a computer tape. It's transcribed. It's copied and pasted. All the familiar metaphors from computer science fit.

12 Computer Science == Computer Science Key Point: Only one course met the requirement: CS1321 Introduction to Computing –Shackelford’s pseudocode approach in 1999 –Later Scheme: How to Design Programs Why only one? –It’s all the same computer science. –Resource issues –“Service Ghetto” –The offer to help them do their own

13 CS1321: Pass (A, B, or C) vs. WDF (Withdrawal, D or F) PassWDF 02 FallTotal74.01%26.74% Female62.99%36.65% Male77.00%22.90% 02 SpringTotal65.03%34.87% Female65.56%34.44% Male64.81%35.04% 01 FallTotal70.98%29.02% Female59.55%40.45% Male73.63%26.37% Success rates in CS1 from Fall 1999 to Fall 2002 Architecture46.7% Biology64.4% Economics54.5% History46.5% Management48.5% Public Policy47.9%

14 Contextualized Computing Education What’s going on? –Research results: Computing is “irrelevant” Since Spring 2003, we teach 3 introductory CS courses. –Based on Margolis and Fisher “alternative paths” Each course introduces computing using a context (examples, homework assignments, lecture discussion) relevant to majors. –Make computing relevant by teaching it in terms of what computers are good for (from the students’ perspective).

15 Our Three CS1’s Today CS1301/1321 Introduction to Computing Traditional CS1 for our CS majors and Science majors (math, physics, psychology, etc.). CS1371 Computing for Engineers CS1 for Engineers. Same topics as CS1301, but using MATLAB with Engineering problems in homework and examples. CS1315 Introduction to Media Computation

16 Introduction to Media Computation Average 400 students/term –Overall, CS1315 has been 51% female –Required in Architecture, Management, Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts, and Biology Focus: Learning programming and CS concepts within the context of media manipulation and creation –Computing for communications, not calculation

17 Media Computation: Teaching in a Relevant Context Presenting CS topics with media projects and examples –Iteration as creating negative and grayscale images –Indexing in a range as removing redeye –Algorithms for blending both images and sounds –Linked lists as song fragments woven to make music –Information encodings as sound visualizations

18 def negative(picture): for px in getPixels(picture): red=getRed(px) green=getGreen(px) blue=getBlue(px) negColor=makeColor(255-red,255-green,255-blue) setColor(px,negColor) def clearRed(picture): for pixel in getPixels(picture): setRed(pixel,0) def greyscale(picture): for p in getPixels(picture): redness=getRed(p) greenness=getGreen(p) blueness=getBlue(p) luminance=(redness+blueness+greenness)/3 setColor(p, makeColor(luminance,luminance,luminance))

19 Examples of Student Work Soup- Audio Collage Canon- LinkedList of (MIDI) Music

20 Creating a new degree: BS in Computational Media Joint with School of Literature, Communications, and Culture 58 majors in first year, 24% female Over 200 majors today, still about ¼ female New courses (mostly existing classes): –Media Computation Data Structures –LCC “Introduction to Computational Media” Programming Atari 2600 Consoles –Media Device Architectures Computer Organization in C…for Gameboys

21 A Media Computation Data Structures Course Driving question: “How did the wildebeests stampede in The Lion King?”

22 Connecting to the Wildebeests It’s all about data structures

23 Similar Assignments, but with Objects and Agents

24 Results: CS1315 “Media Computation” PassWDF 04 FallTotal80.33%19.65% Female82.90%17.10% Male77.46%22.54% 04 SpringTotal89.87%9.37% Female91.94%7.58% Male87.50%11.41% 03 FallTotal86.47%12.54% Female88.36%10.27% Male84.71%14.65% Success rates in CS1315 from Spring 2003 to Fall ‘05 CS1321 Architecture46.7%85.7% Biology64.4%90.4% Economics54.5%92.0% History46.5%67.6% Management48.5%87.8% Public Policy47.9%85.4%

25 Voices from Students Intl Affairs student (female): “I just wish I had more time to play around with that and make neat effects. But JES [IDE for class] will be on my computer forever, so… that’s the nice thing about this class is that you could go as deep into the homework as you wanted. So, I’d turn it in and then me and my roommate would do more after to see what we could do with it.” “Did the class change how you interact with computers?” –Results from a survey a year later. –80% say “Yes” “Definitely makes me think of what is going on behind the scenes of such programs like Photoshop and Illustrator.”

26 Results: CS1371 “Engineering” PassWDF 04 FallTotal85.03%14.87% Female85.55%14.45% Male84.92%14.96% 04 SpringTotal75.27%24.27% Female75.54%23.74% Male75.19%24.42% 03 FallTotal73.94%26.06% Female71.72%28.28% Male74.49%25.51%

27 Side Trip: How about CS? Back to our own CS1 PassWDF 04 FallTotal84.34%15.26% Female89.36%10.64% Male83.17%16.34% 04 SpringTotal68.26%31.74% Female67.57%32.43% Male68.46%31.54% 03 FallTotal81.42%18.45% Female77.86%22.14% Male82.18%17.67%

28 A Context for CS1 for CS majors: Robotics Microsoft Research has funded the Institute for Personal Robotics in Education –Tucker Balch, Deepak Kumar, Doug Blank –Joint between Bryn Mawr and Georgia Tech – Goal is to develop a CS1 with robotics as the context. –Added a camera and media computation abilities

29 Thomas Friedman on the Two Cultures “In the latest edition, I added a whole section on why liberal arts are more important than ever. It’s not that I don’t think math and science are important. They still are. But more than ever our secret sauce comes from our ability to integrate art, science, music and literature with the hard sciences. That’s what produces an iPod revolution or a Google. ”

30 Microsoft wants employees who know context for CS “The nature of these jobs is not closing the door and coding,” (Bill) Gates said. “The great missing skill is somebody who’s good at understanding engineering and bridges that [understanding] to working with customers and marketing…We can promise these people most of what they’re doing won’t be coding.” –Gates worried over decline in US computer scientists, ComputerWorld, July 18, 2005 (by Elizabeth Montalbano)

31 The Threads™ Curriculum We have defined 8 Threads in Computing: –Computing and People –Computing and Information –Computing and Media –Computing and Platforms –Computing and Intelligence –Computing and Foundations –Computing and Computational Modeling –Computing and Devices (was Embodiment)

32 The BS in Computer Science under Threads™ Each Thread specifies the courses needed to know that area well. –From introductory computing, through advanced courses, to beyond Computer Science (Psychology, Physics, Computer Engineering). A degree is the union of any two Threads. –Every Combination is a full Computer Science degree, but bridging disciplines and clearly different from “just programming.” –No Thread choice is necessary in first year, Can always choose different Threads during degree.

33 Why should we broaden computing education? Impact –5-7K Computing vs. 700K “Computing + X” Novel Problems –Difference between Computer Science and Computing. A Healthy Change in our Culture –Pedagogical and research methods.

34 Computer Scientists and Reading Alan Perlis, Norbert Weiner, J.C.R. Licklider, C.P. Snow Others included Vannevar Bush, Herbert A. Simon, Marvin L. Minsky, Jay W. Forrester, Grace M. Hopper, Claude E. Shannon, John G. Kemeny, Gene M. Amdahl

35 Summary The rest of campus needs what we have to offer. –The Power of Computational Thinking We have found that the way they need computing education is different than the way we offer it to our students. –U-M CSE can figure this out for the whole academy Contextualized computing approach works for bridging the gap. Benefits for CS.

36 Thank you! For more on Threads: For more on MediaComp approach (including papers, software, and slides and workshops): plan Media Computation Teachers’ Site: teach Thanks to the National Science Foundation (BPC, CCLI) which has funded this work