Chapter 4 Physical Development During the First Three Years

Focus: The Birth of Elvis Presley Elvis Presley was born in his parents’ house, a two-room cabin, in East Tupelo, Mississippi. His mother hemorrhaged during birth, and his twin brother was stillborn. Today, most births occur in hospitals, but home births and birthing centers are becoming more popular.

The Birth Process  What happens during each of the 4 stages of childbirth?

Settings, Attendants, and Methods of Delivery Hospitals Home-like birthing centers Home birth

Settings, Attendants, and Methods of Delivery Physician Midwife

Settings, Attendants, and Methods of Delivery Vaginal Cesarean Medicated Unmedicated

 If you and your partner were expecting a baby, and the pregnancy seemed to be going smoothly, would you prefer…. (a) medicated or nonmedicated delivery? (b) hospital, birth center or home birth? (c) attendance by a physician or a midwife? What’s Your View?

The Newborn Baby  neonatal period: the first four weeks of life

The Newborn Baby Size and Appearance Body Systems

The Newborn Baby States of Arousal  Regular sleep  Irregular sleep  Drowsiness  Alert inactivity  Waking activity and crying

Survival and Health Medical and Behavioral Assessment Apgar scale Neonatal Screening for Medical Conditions

Survival and Health Complications of Childbirth postmaturity prematurity and low birthweight

Who is More Likely to Have a Low Birthweight Baby? demographic and socioeconomic factors medical factors predating pregnancy prenatal behavior and environmental factors medical conditions associated with pregnancy

Survival and Health Can a Supportive Environment Overcome Effects of Birth Complications? family’s socioeconomic circumstances quality of early environment

Survival and Health Death During Infancy improving infant survival—infant mortality rate SIDS immunization for better health

Early Physical Development  Principles of development cephalocaudal principle proximodistal principle

Physical Growth

Early Physical Development  Nutrition breast or bottle? obesity and cholesterol

Early Physical Development Parts of the Brain

Early Physical Development  Early Sensory Capacities touch and pain smell and taste hearing sight

Early Physical Development  Milestones of Motor Development Denver Developmental Screening Test head control hand control locomotion

Early Physical Development  Milestones of Motor Development Eleanor and James Gibson’s Ecological Theory Cultural Influences on Motor Development

Window on the World Sleep Customs

Digging Deeper The Far-Reaching Implications of Crawling